Table 2.

Improvement of shoulder range of motion (°, $\overline{x}\pm s$).

Time point	Measurement	MUA group (n = 36)	Control group (n = 36)	t-value	P-value
Pre-op	Flexion	62.4 ± 8.7	63.1 ± 7.9	0.332	0.741
	Abduction	58.9 ± 9.1	59.6 ± 8.3	0.318	0.752
	External Rotation	19.8 ± 5.6	20.3 ± 4.9	0.381	0.704
1 month	Flexion	118.6 ± 12.3	78.5 ± 10.2	13.892	<0.001
	Abduction	115.2 ± 14.5	72.3 ± 9.8	13.421	<0.001
	External Rotation	43.7 ± 7.2	25.6 ± 6.1	10.563	<0.001
3 months	Flexion	142.3 ± 10.8	92.7 ± 11.4	17.236	<0.001
	Abduction	138.5 ± 12.6	85.2 ± 10.3	18.342	<0.001
	External Rotation	48.9 ± 6.5	32.4 ± 5.8	10.127	<0.001
6 months	Flexion	148.6 ± 9.3	97.5 ± 12.1	18.923	<0.001
	Abduction	146.8 ± 11.2	90.3 ± 11.6	19.452	<0.001
	External Rotation	52.3 ± 5.9	35.7 ± 6.2	10.892	<0.001
12 months	Flexion	152.4 ± 8.7	101.2 ± 13.5	17.856	<0.001
	Abduction	150.6 ± 10.5	95.8 ± 12.3	18.923	<0.001
	External Rotation	54.6 ± 5.3	38.2 ± 5.9	11.237	<0.001

All measurements were taken in standardized positions by the same physiatrist using a goniometer with 1° precision. The MUA group showed significantly greater ROM improvement than controls at all postoperative time points (P < 0.001).