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. 2025 Nov 7;6:1670648. doi: 10.3389/fpain.2025.1670648

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© 2025 Alzarea, Ishaqui, Maqsood, Alanazi, Alsaidan, Mallhi, Kumar, Orayj, Alshahrani, Alhassan, Alzarea and Alsaidan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Scatter plot showing ATC drug classes on the y-axis and Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR) with ninety-five percent confidence intervals on the x-axis. Each drug class is represented by a dot. The x-axis ranges from zero to six point five. Some drug classes have higher ROR values, indicating more reports, such as H05 Calcium Homeostasis and J05 Antivirals for Systemic Use, while others like N05 Psycholeptics have lower values. Total reports for each class are listed alongside their respective ROR values. — Signal strength (ROR) of the top drug classes associated with headache reports, stratified by ATC classification.