Table 2.
Frequency, reporting odds ratios (RORs) and proportional reporting ratios of top 100 drugs associated with headache.
| Drug | Frequency | ROR (95% CI)1 | PRR (95% CI)1 | ADR status mentioned in drug profile | ADR frequency IN drug profile |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| APREMILAST | 8,694 | 2.021 (1.978–2.065) | 2.006 (1.963–2.049) | YES | >10% |
| TREPROSTINIL | 7,014 | 2.387 (2.331–2.445) | 2.362 (2.307–2.419) | YES | >10% |
| ADALIMUMAB | 6,981 | 0.349 (0.34–0.357) | 0.35 (0.342–0.359) | YES | >10% |
| TOFACITINIB CITRATE | 6,594 | 0.536 (0.523–0.549) | 0.538 (0.525–0.551) | YES | 1% to 10% |
| DUPILUMAB | 5,799 | 0.786 (0.766–0.807) | 0.788 (0.767–0.808) | YES | 1% to 10% |
| HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULIN G | 5,725 | 1.345 (1.31–1.381) | 1.341 (1.306–1.377) | YES | >10% |
| OFATUMUMAB | 4,314 | 3.077 (2.985–3.172) | 3.029 (2.938–3.122) | YES | >10% |
| FINGOLIMOD HYDROCHLORIDE | 4,085 | 2.132 (2.067–2.2) | 2.114 (2.049–2.181) | YES | >10% |
| SECUKINUMAB | 3,463 | 0.38 (0.367–0.393) | 0.382 (0.369–0.395) | YES | 1% to 10% |
| METHOTREXATE | 3,188 | 0.147 (0.142–0.152) | 1.066 (1.029–1.104) | YES | 1% to 10% |
| MACITENTAN | 3,145 | 1.067 (1.03–1.105) | 6.024 (5.808–6.247) | YES | >10% |
| ABALOPARATIDE | 3,072 | 6.268 (6.044–6.5) | 0.243 (0.235–0.253) | YES | 1% to 10% |
| RITUXIMAB | 3,064 | 0.212 (0.205–0.22) | 1.019 (0.983–1.057) | YES | 1% to 10% |
| INFLIXIMAB | 3,062 | 0.242 (0.233–0.251) | 1.914 (1.843–1.987) | YES | >10% |
| OCRELIZUMAB | 2,999 | 1.02 (0.983–1.057) | 1.393 (1.342–1.987) | YES | >10% |
| SELEXIPAG | 2,818 | 1.927 (1.857–2.001) | 0.213 (0.206–0.222) | YES | >10% |
| NIRAPARIB | 2,795 | 1.397 (1.346–1.45) | 0.574 (0.553–0.597) | YES | >10% |
| OMALIZUMAB | 2,611 | 0.572 (0.551–0.595) | 0.489 (0.47–0.509) | YES | >10% |
| LENALIDOMIDE | 2,543 | 0.487 (0.469–0.507) | 0.236 (0.227–0.246) | YES | >10% |
| LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM | 2,476 | 0.235 (0.226–0.244) | 9.116 (8.749–9.498) | YES | FREQUENCY NOT DEFINED |
| SOFOSBUVIR\VELPATASVIR | 2,472 | 9.729 (9.338–10.137) | 0.561 (0.539–0.584) | YES | >10% |
| VEDOLIZUMAB | 2,421 | 0.559 (0.537–0.582) | 0.216 (0.208–0.225) | YES | >10% |
| ABATACEPT | 2,399 | 0.215 (0.206–0.224) | 0.474 (0.455–0.493) | YES | >10% |
| INFLIXIMAB-DYYB | 2,382 | 0.472 (0.453–0.491) | 9.322 (9.322–10.167) | YES | >10% |
| GLECAPREVIR\PIBRENTASVIR | 2,219 | 10.445 (10.001–10.908) | 0.143 (0.143–0.153) | YES | >10% |
| EVOLOCUMAB | 2,138 | 0.773 (0.741–0.807) | 0.742 (0.742–0.808) | YES | >10% |
| PALBOCICLIB | 2,116 | 0.649 (0.621–0.677) | 0.623 (0.623–0.679) | NO | - |
| GALCANEZUMAB-GNLM | 2,094 | 4.251 (4.07–4.441) | 3.97 (3.97–4.332) | NO | - |
| ETANERCEPT | 2,071 | 0.155 (0.149–0.162) | 0.15 (0.15–0.163) | POST MARKETING | - |
| TOCILIZUMAB | 2,048 | 0.167 (0.16–0.175) | 0.161 (0.161–0.176) | YES | 1% to 10% |
| NIRMATRELVIR\RITONAVIR | 2,012 | 1.71 (1.637–1.788) | 1.628 (1.628–1.778) | POST MARKETING | - |
| LEVONORGESTREL | 1,982 | 1.424 (1.362–1.489) | 1.358 (1.358–1.483) | YES | >10% |
| ERENUMAB-AOOE | 1,980 | 1.19 (1.139–1.244) | 1.137 (1.137–1.242) | NO | - |
| CERTOLIZUMAB PEGOL | 1,956 | 0.228 (0.218–0.238) | 0.219 (0.219–0.239) | YES | 1% to 10% |
| TERIFLUNOMIDE | 1,780 | 1.573 (1.501–1.649) | 1.495 (1.495–1.641) | YES | >10% |
| VOXELOTOR | 1,770 | 3.215 (3.067–3.371) | 3.015 (3.015–3.314) | YES | >10% |
| DIMETHYL FUMARATE | 1,769 | 1.049 (1.001–1.099) | 1 (1–1.099) | NO | - |
| PREGABALIN | 1,756 | 0.178 (0.17–0.187) | 0.171 (0.171–0.188) | YES | >10% |
| RUXOLITINIB | 1,658 | 0.722 (0.688–0.758) | 0.69 (0.69–0.76) | YES | >10% |
| SEMAGLUTIDE | 1,657 | 0.915 (0.872–0.961) | 0.873 (0.873–0.961) | YES | >10% |
| AMBRISENTAN | 1,570 | 0.883 (0.841–0.928) | 0.841 (0.841–0.929) | YES | >10% |
| SOMATROPIN | 1,531 | 0.981 (0.933–1.032) | 0.933 (0.933–1.032) | YES | >10% |
| SODIUM OXYBATE | 1,522 | 1.043 (0.992–1.097) | 0.991 (0.991–1.097) | YES | >10% |
| ONABOTULINUMTOXINA | 1,477 | 1.292 (1.227–1.36) | 1.224 (1.224–1.357) | YES | >10% |
| NATALIZUMAB | 1,455 | 1.166 (1.107–1.228) | 1.106 (1.106–1.226) | YES | >10% |
| APIXABAN | 1,397 | 0.208 (0.197–0.219) | 0.199 (0.199–0.221) | NO | - |
| AMLODIPINE BESYLATE | 1,380 | 0.109 (0.104–0.115) | 0.104 (0.104–0.116) | NO | - |
| ACETAMINOPHEN | 1,377 | 0.05 (0.048–0.053) | 0.048 (0.048–0.053) | YES | 1% to 10% |
| OCTREOTIDE ACETATE | 1,365 | 0.462 (0.438–0.487) | 0.44 (0.44–0.489) | YES | >10% |
| AMPHETAMINE ASPARTATE\AMPHETAMINE SULFATE\DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SACCHARATE\DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SULFATE | 1,361 | 0.972 (0.921–1.025) | 0.922 (0.922–1.026) | YES | >10% |
| RISANKIZUMAB-RZAA | 1,349 | 1.106 (1.048–1.166) | 1.064 (1.064–1.183) | YES | 1% to 10% |
| USTEKINUMAB | 1,343 | 0.241 (0.229–0.255) | 0.23 (0.23–0.256) | YES | 1% to 10% |
| MEPOLIZUMAB | 1,323 | 0.44 (0.416–0.464) | 0.418 (0.418–0.466) | YES | >10% |
| SACUBITRIL\VALSARTAN | 1,310 | 0.413 (0.391–0.436) | 0.393 (0.393–0.438) | NO | - |
| ECULIZUMAB | 1,289 | 1.745 (1.652–1.844) | 1.642 (1.642–1.833) | YES | >10% |
| INTERFERON BETA-1A | 1,215 | 1.03 (0.973–1.09) | 0.973 (0.973–1.09) | YES | >10% |
| IBUPROFEN | 1,213 | 0.117 (0.11–0.124) | 0.111 (0.111–0.125) | YES | 1% to 10% |
| UPADACITINIB | 1,182 | 0.703 (0.664–0.744) | 0.665 (0.665–0.746) | YES | 1% to 10% |
| ALEMTUZUMAB | 1,132 | 1.002 (0.945–1.063) | 0.945 (0.945–1.062) | YES | >10% |
| EPOPROSTENOL | 1,123 | 1.399 (1.319–1.484) | 1.315 (1.315–1.48) | YES | >10% |
| ISOTRETINOIN | 1,119 | 2.365 (2.229–2.509) | 2.205 (2.205–2.483) | POST MARKETING | - |
| MINOXIDIL | 1,108 | 1.559 (1.469–1.654) | 1.463 (1.463–1.479) | YES | >10% |
| DALFAMPRIDINE | 1,088 | 0.742 (0.699–0.787) | 0.7 (0.7–0.789) | YES | 1% to 10% |
| SERTRALINE | 1,073 | 0.198 (0.187–0.211) | 0.188 (0.188–0.225) | NO | - |
| TADALAFIL | 1,060 | 0.422 (0.397–0.448) | 0.399 (0.399–0.45) | YES | >10% |
| LEDIPASVIR\SOFOSBUVIR | 1,014 | 5.937 (5.574–6.323) | 5.369 (5.369–6.09) | YES | >10% |
| IBRUTINIB | 1,008 | 0.522 (0.49–0.555) | 0.492 (0.492–0.557) | YES | >10% |
| NINTEDANIB | 986 | 0.773 (0.726–0.823) | 0.728 (0.728–0.825) | YES | 1% to 10% |
| GABAPENTIN | 974 | 0.09 (0.085–0.096) | 0.085 (0.085–0.097) | NO | - |
| TIRZEPATIDE | 967 | 0.851 (0.799–0.907) | 0.8 (0.8–0.908) | NO | - |
| ESTRADIOL | 963 | 0.437 (0.41–0.466) | 0.412 (0.412–0.467) | YES | >10% |
| VENLAFAXINE | 953 | 0.23 (0.216–0.245) | 0.217 (0.217–0.246) | YES | <1% |
| BELIMUMAB | 943 | 1.126 (1.056–1.201) | 1.055 (1.055–1.199) | NO | - |
| DULAGLUTIDE | 943 | 0.61 (0.572–0.65) | 0.574 (0.574–0.652) | NO | - |
| NALTREXONE | 921 | 1.337 (1.253–1.427) | 0.249 (0.249–0.254) | YES | >10% |
| METFORMIN | 881 | 0.078 (0.073–0.083) | 0.073 (0.073–0.107) | YES | 1% to 10% |
| LEFLUNOMIDE | 879 | 0.076 (0.071–0.082) | 0.072 (0.072–0.082) | YES | >10% |
| SIPONIMOD | 871 | 2.547 (2.382–2.724) | 2.354 (2.354–2.692) | YES | >10% |
| CIPROFLOXACIN | 865 | 0.299 (0.279–0.319) | 0.281 (0.281–0.321) | YES | 1% to 10% |
| DASATINIB | 860 | 1.625 (1.519–1.738) | 1.512 (1.512–1.73) | YES | >10% |
| ZOLEDRONIC ACID | 860 | 0.404 (0.377–0.432) | 0.379 (0.379–0.434) | YES | >10% |
| PIRFENIDONE | 847 | 1.083 (1.012–1.159) | 1.012 (1.012–1.089) | YES | >10% |
| OXYCODONE HYDROCHLORIDE | 845 | 0.111 (0.104–0.119) | 0.104 (0.104–0.119) | YES | >10% |
| ELEXACAFTOR\IVACAFTOR\TEZACAFTOR | 823 | 2.203 (2.056–2.36) | 2.037 (2.037–2.338) | YES | >10% |
| DENOSUMAB | 786 | 0.237 (0.221–0.254) | 0.222 (0.222–0.255) | YES | >10% |
| RIOCIGUAT | 783 | 0.652 (0.607–0.699) | 0.609 (0.609–0.701) | YES | >10% |
| NIVOLUMAB | 781 | 0.301 (0.28–0.323) | 0.218 (0.218–0.255) | YES | >10% |
| EPTINEZUMAB-JJMR | 773 | 6.775 (6.302–7.283) | 6.469 (6.469–7.443) | NO | - |
| LENVATINIB | 766 | 0.909 (0.847–0.976) | 0.847 (0.847–0.977) | YES | >10% |
| ETONOGESTREL | 765 | 1.036 (0.965–1.113) | 0.965 (0.965–1.113) | YES | >10% |
| RIVAROXABAN | 764 | 0.191 (0.178–0.205) | 0.179 (0.179–0.207) | NO | - |
| RIBOCICLIB | 756 | 0.434 (0.404–0.466) | 0.406 (0.406–0.468) | YES | >10% |
| MONTELUKAST SODIUM | 736 | 0.1 (0.093–0.107) | 0.093 (0.093–0.108) | YES | 1% to 10% |
| ENZALUTAMIDE | 734 | 0.737 (0.685–0.792) | 0.687 (0.687–0.794) | YES | >10% |
| CABOZANTINIB S-MALATE | 734 | 0.646 (0.601–0.694) | 0.602 (0.602–0.794) | YES | >10% |
| CETIRIZINE HYDROCHLORIDE | 679 | 0.062 (0.057–0.066) | 0.058 (0.058–0.097) | YES | >10% |
| ARIPIPRAZOLE | 660 | 0.228 (0.211–0.246) | 0.213 (0.213–0.245) | YES | >10% |
| BENRALIZUMAB | 655 | 1.543 (1.428–1.667) | 1.422 (1.422–1.66) | YES | >10% |
| TOPIRAMATE | 654 | 0.234 (0.217–0.253) | 0.218 (0.218–0.255) | YES | FREQUENCY NOT DEFINED |
| POMALIDOMIDE | 647 | 0.449 (0.416–0.485) | 0.417 (0.417–0.487) | YES | >10% |
Footnote 1: Signals defined as ROR/PRR >1 with lower 95% CI >1.