Table 4.
Time-to-onset distribution of the Top 50 drugs associated with drug-induced headache based on total complete cases.
| Drug name | ATC | Total complete cases | ≤ 7 days | 8-28 days | 29-60 days | 61-90 days | >90 days |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| APREMILAST | L04 IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS | 2,552 | 1,171 (45.90%) | 342 (13.5%) | 201 (7.90%) | 90 (3.50%) | 748 (29.30%) |
| TREPROSTINIL | B01 ANTITHROMBOTIC AGENTS | 2,352 | 375 (15.90%) | 326 (13.90%) | 153 (6.50%) | 110 (4.70%) | 1,388 (59.00%) |
| FINGOLIMOD HYDROCHLORIDE | L04 IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS | 2,261 | 1,323 (58.50%) | 167 (7.40%) | 110 (4.90%) | 64 (2.80%) | 597 (26.40%) |
| HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULIN G | J06 IMMUNE SERA AND IMMUNOGLOBULINS | 2,104 | 1,030 (49.00%) | 166 (7.90%) | 103 (4.90%) | 72 (3.40%) | 733 (34.80%) |
| OFATUMUMAB | L04 IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS | 2,014 | 1,582 (78.60%) | 183 (9.00%) | 75 (3.70%) | 21 (1.00%) | 153 (7.60%) |
| INFLIXIMAB-DYYB | L04 IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS | 1,912 | 292 (15.30%) | 219 (11.50%) | 168 (8.80%) | 104 (5.40%) | 1,129 (59.00%) |
| OCRELIZUMAB | L04 IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS | 1,729 | 947 (54.80%) | 156 (9.00%) | 46 (2.70%) | 20 (1.20%) | 560 (32.40%) |
| DUPILUMAB | D11 OTHER DERMATOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS | 1,678 | 574 (34.20%) | 238 (14.10%) | 137 (8.20%) | 93 (5.50%) | 636 (37.90%) |
| ADALIMUMAB | L04 IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS | 1,627 | 410 (25.20%) | 178 (10.90%) | 106 (6.50%) | 68 (4.20%) | 865 (53.20%) |
| NIRMATRELVIR\RITONAVIR | J05 ANTIVIRALS FOR SYSTEMIC USE | 1,510 | 796 (52.70%) | 617 (40.80%) | 13 (0.90%) | 2 (0.10%) | 82 (5.40%) |
| VEDOLIZUMAB | L04 IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS | 1,395 | 418 (30.00%) | 141 (10.00%) | 104 (7.50%) | 77 (5.50%) | 655 (47.00%) |
| TOFACITINIB CITRATE | L04 IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS | 1,345 | 422 (31.40%) | 175 (13.00%) | 93 (6.90%) | 70 (5.20%) | 585 (43.50%) |
| OMALIZUMAB | R03 DRUGS FOR OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASES | 1,312 | 410 (31.20%) | 106 (8.10%) | 94 (7.20%) | 54 (4.10%) | 648 (49.40%) |
| ABALOPARATIDE | H05 CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS | 1,284 | 893 (69.50%) | 182 (14.20%) | 62 (4.80%) | 32 (2.50%) | 115 (9.00%) |
| MACITENTAN | C02 ANTIHYPERTENSIVES | 1,224 | 261 (21.30%) | 182 (14.90%) | 108 (8.80%) | 45 (3.70%) | 628 (51.30%) |
| SELEXIPAG | B01 ANTITHROMBOTIC AGENTS | 1,166 | 415 (35.60%) | 235 (20.10%) | 119 (10.20%) | 60 (5.10%) | 337 (28.90%) |
| SECUKINUMAB | L04 IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS | 1,137 | 380 (33.40%) | 167 (14.70%) | 103 (9.10%) | 53 (4.70%) | 434 (38.20%) |
| NIRAPARIB | L01 ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS | 1,036 | 384 (37.10%) | 313 (30.20%) | 89 (8.60%) | 50 (4.80%) | 200 (19.30%) |
| LEVONORGESTREL | G03 SEX HORMONES AND MODULATORS OF THE GENITAL SYSTEM | 980 | 642 (65.50%) | 91 (9.30%) | 34 (3.50%) | 10 (1.00%) | 203 (20.70%) |
| GLECAPREVIR\PIBRENTASVIR | J05 ANTIVIRALS FOR SYSTEMIC USE | 890 | 300 (33.70%) | 274 (30.80%) | 127 (14.30%) | 22 (2.50%) | 167 (18.80%) |
| CERTOLIZUMAB PEGOL | L04 IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS | 762 | 284 (37.30%) | 77 (10.10%) | 73 (9.60%) | 37 (4.90%) | 291 (38.20%) |
| SOFOSBUVIR\VELPATASVIR | J05 ANTIVIRALS FOR SYSTEMIC USE | 744 | 264 (35.50%) | 192 (25.90%) | 115 (15.50%) | 18 (2.40%) | 155 (20.80%) |
| NATALIZUMAB | L04 IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS | 732 | 293 (40.00%) | 68 (9.30%) | 26 (3.60%) | 12 (1.60%) | 333 (45.50%) |
| OCTREOTIDE ACETATE | H01 PITUITARY AND HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES AND ANALOGUES | 679 | 146 (21.50%) | 47 (7.00%) | 32 (4.70%) | 35 (5.20%) | 419 (61.70%) |
| SEMAGLUTIDE | A10 DRUGS USED IN DIABETES | 666 | 404 (60.70%) | 95 (14.40%) | 50 (7.50%) | 17 (2.60%) | 100 (15.00%) |
| VOXELOTOR | B06 OTHER HEMATOLOGICAL AGENTS | 661 | 218 (33.00%) | 125 (18.90%) | 43 (6.50%) | 44 (6.70%) | 231 (34.90%) |
| ONABOTULINUMTOXINA | M03 MUSCLE RELAXANTS | 622 | 416 (66.90%) | 62 (9.90%) | 16 (2.60%) | 8 (1.30%) | 120 (19.30%) |
| RUXOLITINIB | L01 ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS | 616 | 215 (34.90%) | 106 (17.20%) | 69 (11.20%) | 18 (2.90%) | 208 (33.80%) |
| PALBOCICLIB | L01 ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS | 595 | 114 (19.20%) | 109 (18.30%) | 64 (10.80%) | 35 (5.90%) | 273 (45.90%) |
| LENALIDOMIDE | L04 IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS | 576 | 142 (24.70%) | 82 (14.20%) | 46 (8.00%) | 31 (5.40%) | 275 (47.70%) |
| RISANKIZUMAB-RZAA | L04 IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS | 571 | 125 (21.90%) | 86 (15.10%) | 34 (6.00%) | 29 (5.10%) | 297 (52.00%) |
| MEPOLIZUMAB | R03 DRUGS FOR OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASES | 557 | 192 (34.50%) | 41 (7.40%) | 49 (8.80%) | 13 (2.30%) | 262 (47.00%) |
| NINTEDANIB | L01 ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS | 552 | 197 (35.70%) | 123 (22.30%) | 55 (10.00%) | 26 (4.70%) | 151 (27.40%) |
| ABATACEPT | L04 IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS | 551 | 155 (28.10%) | 64 (11.60%) | 35 (6.40%) | 23 (4.20%) | 274 (49.70%) |
| ALEMTUZUMAB | L04 IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS | 551 | 388 (70.40%) | 22 (4.00%) | 8 (1.50%) | 4 (0.70%) | 129 (23.40%) |
| ACETAMINOPHEN | N02 ANALGESICS | 550 | 477 (86.70%) | 19 (3.50%) | 8 (1.50%) | 6 (1.10%) | 40 (7.30%) |
| DIMETHYL FUMARATE | L04 IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS | 526 | 226 (43.00%) | 79 (15.00%) | 29 (5.50%) | 5 (1.00%) | 187 (35.60%) |
| AMPHETAMINE \DEXTROAMPHETAMINE | N06 PSYCHOANALEPTICS | 522 | 414 (79.30%) | 50 (9.50%) | 24 (4.60%) | 6 (1.10%) | 28 (5.40%) |
| AMBRISENTAN | C02 ANTIHYPERTENSIVES | 503 | 82 (16.30%) | 41 (8.20%) | 45 (8.90%) | 21 (4.20%) | 314 (62.40%) |
| NIVOLUMAB | L01 ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS | 485 | 154 (31.80%) | 123 (25.40%) | 71 (14.60%) | 42 (8.70%) | 95 (19.60%) |
| UPADACITINIB | L04 IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS | 477 | 108 (22.60%) | 58 (12.20%) | 43 (9.00%) | 32 (6.70%) | 236 (49.50%) |
| TERIFLUNOMIDE | L04 IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS | 464 | 101 (21.80%) | 63 (13.50%) | 43 (9.30%) | 24 (5.20%) | 233 (50.20%) |
| LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM | H03 THYROID THERAPY | 445 | 196 (44.00%) | 85 (19.10%) | 64 (14.40%) | 20 (4.50%) | 80 (18.00%) |
| AMLODIPINE BESYLATE | C08 CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS | 436 | 255 (58.50%) | 59 (13.60%) | 25 (5.70%) | 9 (2.10%) | 88 (20.20%) |
| EVOLOCUMAB | C10 LIPID MODIFYING AGENTS | 420 | 219 (52.10%) | 67 (16.00%) | 22 (5.20%) | 24 (5.70%) | 88 (21.00%) |
| IBUPROFEN | M01 ANTIINFLAMMATORY AND ANTIRHEUMATIC PRODUCTS | 411 | 296 (72.00%) | 22 (5.30%) | 23 (5.60%) | 14 (3.40%) | 56 (13.60%) |
| ZOLEDRONIC ACID | M05 DRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF BONE DISEASES | 410 | 344 (83.90%) | 13 (3.20%) | 10 (2.40%) | 7 (1.70%) | 36 (8.80%) |
| CIPROFLOXACIN | J01 ANTIBACTERIALS FOR SYSTEMIC USE | 407 | 283 (69.50%) | 60 (14.80%) | 17 (4.20%) | 10 (2.50%) | 37 (9.10%) |
| SIPONIMOD | L04 IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS | 404 | 287 (71.00%) | 36 (8.90%) | 23 (5.70%) | 9 (2.20%) | 49 (12.10%) |
| ERENUMAB-AOOE | N02 ANALGESICS | 400 | 215 (53.80%) | 40 (9.90%) | 34 (8.50%) | 25 (6.20%) | 86 (21.50%) |