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. 2025 Nov 21;20(1):104. doi: 10.5334/gh.1493

Figure 2.

Genetic associations between retinal traits and cardiovascular diseases. Forest plots of MR estimates showing causal associations between different retinal layer thicknesses and risks of major cardiovascular diseases (CHD, HF, HBP, MI, and stroke). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are presented. Significant associations after false discovery rate (FDR) correction are highlighted, suggesting that retinal structural alterations, particularly in photoreceptor, RPE, and nerve fiber layers, are linked with increased CVD risk

Genetic associations between retinal traits and cardiovascular diseases. Forest plots of MR estimates showing causal associations between different retinal layer thicknesses and risks of major cardiovascular diseases (CHD, HF, HBP, MI, and stroke). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are presented. Significant associations after false discovery rate (FDR) correction are highlighted, suggesting that retinal structural alterations, particularly in photoreceptor, RPE, and nerve fiber layers, are linked with increased CVD risk.