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. 2025 Nov 21;15:41422. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-25363-z

Table 2.

Key parameters of the ISCO model for tuning the OEMPTER-ISCSO technique in high-dimensional search spaces.

Parameter Symbol Description Typical Range/Value
CHAOS_CONT_PARAM Inline graphic The range of the chaos sequence is controlled Inline graphic
SEARCH_RANGE_LIMIT Inline graphic, Inline graphic Lower and upper limits of the search space Problem-Defined
SENSITIVITY_RANGE Inline graphic The exploitation-exploration balance is altered 0.1–1
SPIRAL_CONSTANT Inline graphic Tightness of the spiral pattern is defined 0.5–2
SPIRAL_ROUTE_CO-EFF Inline graphic Spiral direction is determined [−1, 1] Random Number in [−1, 1]
STEP_ADJUST_CO-EFF Inline graphic Step size in the Levy flight is controlled 0.001–1
Levy distribution exponent Inline graphic The Levy distribution is determined 1.5–2
POPU_SIZE Inline graphic Overall, individuals/agents in the populace 20–50
Logistic chaotic map seed Inline graphic Initial value for chaotic sequence Inline graphic