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. 2025 Nov 21;15:41255. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-25143-9

Table 1.

Data source configuration specifications the following table presents the comprehensive configuration parameters for different sensor types integrated within the multi-modal data fusion architecture, including data formats, sampling frequencies, precision requirements, and communication protocols essential for ensuring seamless data integration and real-time processing capabilities.

Sensor type Data format Sampling frequency Precision requirements Communication protocol
Visual Cameras RGB/Depth 30 FPS 1920 × 1080, 16-bit TCP/IP, WebRTC
Acoustic Sensors PCM Audio 44.1 kHz 24-bit, 120 dB SNR UDP, MQTT
Temperature Sensors Digital Signal 1 Hz ± 0.1 °C accuracy LoRaWAN, Zigbee
Humidity Sensors Analog Signal 0.5 Hz ± 2% RH precision LoRaWAN, Zigbee
Air Quality Monitors Multi-parameter 0.1 Hz PM2.5 ± 5 µg/m³ WiFi, Cellular
Motion Detectors Binary/Analog 10 Hz 0.5 m spatial resolution Zigbee, WiFi
Light Sensors Photometric Data 1 Hz ± 5% illuminance LoRaWAN, WiFi
Wind Speed Sensors Vector Data 2 Hz ± 0.1 m/s accuracy LoRaWAN, Cellular