Table 9.

Ablation study: individual modality and fusion Performance.

Configuration	Visual only	Acoustic only	Environmental only	Visual + Acoustic	Visual + Environmental	Acoustic + Environmental	All three (full system)
Design Quality Score (0–100)	71.3	58.7	52.4	79.6	81.2	67.8	94.7
Space Utilization Accuracy (%)	78.9	52.1	48.3	83.4	85.7	63.2	92.8
User Satisfaction Prediction Error	0.38	0.52	0.61	0.31	0.29	0.48	0.19
Response Time (ms)	62.3	41.2	35.7	73.5	69.8	58.4	78.3
Fault Tolerance (sensor failure resilience)	Low	Low	Low	Medium	Medium	Low	High