Table 3.
Global summary of stress outcomes across liner stiffness and activities.
| Activity | Liner stiffness (Young’s modulus, MPa) | Contact pressure (kPa) | Shear stress (kPa) | Key observations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal walking | 0.1 | 14.67 (Lowest) | 1–3 (Peak: 3.0) | Lowest mechanical load, stable stress |
| 0.2 | ~ 18–20 | 1–4 (Peak: 4.0) | Moderate pressure, gradual shear rise | |
| 0.3 | ~ 20–22 | 2–5 (Peak: 5.0) | Higher load transfer, steady shear | |
| 0.4 | 22.98 (Highest) | 3–6 (Peak: 6.0) | Highest stress, sustained peaks | |
| Stumbling | 0.1 | 23.89 (Lowest) | 1–5 (Peak: 5.0) | Broad shear range, early peaks |
| 0.2 | ~ 28–30 | 2–6 (Peak: 6.0) | Fluctuating stress, higher variability | |
| 0.3 | ~ 32–34 | 3–7 (Peak: 7.0) | Sharp initial peaks, high load | |
| 0.4 | 34.14 (Highest) | 4–7 (Peak: 7.0) | Max stress, critical for tissue risk |