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. 2025 Nov 21;15:41377. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-25387-5

Table 2.

Unit process and environmental indicators – production of 1 kg of RCA.

Location Input Output (Direct emissions from diesel) Environmental indicators
Electricity (kWh) Diesel (kg) CO2, to air (kg) CH4, to air (kg) N2O, to air (kg) Energy consumption (MJ) Global warming potential (kg CO2 eq) Fossil CO2 emission (kg)
Brazil Odebrecht Plant 7.76E-03 2.07E-04 4.90E-04 2.00E-08 4.00E-09 4.39E-02 5.00E-03 2.67E-03
São Bernardo do Campo Plant 1.69E-03 6.04E-04 1.21E-03 4.87E-08 9.50E-09 4.27E-02 3.16E-03 1.21E-03
Colombia Greco Plant 1.90E-03 1.43E-04 2.93E-04 1.18E-08 2.29E-09 2.64E-02 2.29E-03 2.93E-04
Hong Kong Tuen Mun Plant 7.85E-04 8.09E-04 1.83E-03 7.34E-08 1.43E-08 5.81E-02 3.50E-03 1.83E-03
India IL&FS Plant 2.15E-03 2.06E-04 4.73E-04 1.90E-08 3.70E-09 3.27E-02 2.76E-03 4.73E-04
Mumbai Maharashtra Plant 6.50E-04 1.01E-03 2.04E-03 8.20E-08 1.60E-08 4.85E-02 3.08E-03 2.04E-03
Shanghai Plant 1.97E-03 2.35E-05 4.64E-05 1.86E-09 3.64E-10 7.08E-02 2.93E-03 2.92E-03
Spain Córdoba Plant 1.49E-03 1.65E-04 3.32E-04 1.33E-08 2.60E-09 1.25E-02 9.39E-04 3.32E-04
Spain La Blonga Plant 2.77E-03 1.08E-03 2.15E-03 8.65E-08 1.69E-08 7.36E-02 5.39E-03 2.16E-03