Table 2.

Themes and subthemes identified from focus group discussions with clinical nurses on barriers to evidence dissemination and large language model (LLM)–based support.

Main theme and subtheme		Codes
Pathways for evidence dissemination among nurses
	Evidence dissemination pathways to nurses	Databases Platforms provided by professional associations Social media Materials and sessions organized by nursing administrators
	Nurses’ evidence dissemination pathways to peers	Organize training sessions, lectures, and academic exchange meetings Integrate the latest evidence into routine nursing practices Social media
Barriers that hinder the effective dissemination of evidence
	Organizational and environmental barriers	Restricted access to databases Limited channels for evidence dissemination
	Nurse-related barriers	Lack of time and energy Low motivation Insufficient skills in systematic search of evidence
	Evidence-related barriers	Excessive and fragmented nature of available evidence Difficulties in understanding evidence
Advantages and limitations of using LLMs to support evidence dissemination
	Advantages of LLMs in overcoming barriers to evidence dissemination	Rapid response Literature summarization Literature translation
	Limitations of LLMs hinder their widespread use in evidence dissemination	High demands on user input formulation Lack of domain-specific expertise in general-purpose models Insufficient scientific rigor