Table 2.

Summary of reviewed framework studies for health care chatbots.

Title	Year	Term used for conversational agent	Intention	Reference
How to evaluate health applications with conversational user interface?	2020	Conversational user interface	Support evaluation of health systems using conversational user interfaces, define quality dimensions, and guide developers and researchers.	[12]
Conversational agents in health care: expert interviews to inform the definition, classification, and conceptual framework	2023	Conversational agent	Define and classify health care conversational agents, validate the a conceptual framework, and update another framework focusing on ethics, user involvement, and data privacy.	[16]
Developing a technical-oriented taxonomy to define archetypes of conversational agents in health care: literature review and cluster analysis	2023	Conversational agent	Develop a taxonomy of technical characteristics, identify archetypes, and harmonize evaluation metrics.	[14]
Evaluation framework for conversational agents with artificial intelligence in health interventions: a systematic scoping review	2023	Conversational agent	Propose a 4-stage evaluation framework (feasibility and usability, efficacy, effectiveness, and implementation) based on World Health Organization recommendations.	[21]
Evaluation of the current state of chatbots for digital health: scoping review	2023	Chatbot	Assess the current state of health-related chatbots, identify research gaps, guide future research, and enhance chatbot design.	[18]
Framework for guiding the development of high-quality conversational agents in healthcare	2023	Conversational agent	Provide a framework for the development and evaluation of health conversational agents, ensure patient safety, and ensure efficacy of conversational agent–delivered interventions.	[13]
Information quality of conversational agents in healthcare	2023	Conversational agent	Investigate definitions, influencing factors, and impacts of information quality in health conversational agents.	[15]
To chat or bot to chat: ethical issues with using chatbots in mental health	2023	Chatbot	Examine ethical issues in using chatbots in mental health, provide recommendations for ethical design and deployment.	[17]
Ethical Incorporation of Artificial Intelligence into Neurosurgery: A Generative Pretrained Transformer Chatbot-Based, Human-Modified Approach	2024	Chatbot, generative pretrained transformer	Delineate ethical considerations for AIa in neurosurgery and present an ethical framework for AI integration.	[20]
Achieving health equity through conversational AI: a roadmap for design and implementation of inclusive chatbots in healthcare	2024	Conversational AI, chatbot	Develop a roadmap for inclusive conversational AI in health care and promote health equity.	[22]
Foundation metrics for evaluating effectiveness of healthcare conversations powered by generative AI	2024	Conversational AI, large language models	Establish a framework for evaluating the effectiveness of health care conversations using generative AI and address limitations of existing metrics.	[19]

^aAI: artificial intelligence.