Table 2.
Multilevel analysis of odd ratios on the effect of Individual, household and community level factors in influencing non-institutional delivery among women in Uganda, UDHS 2016
| Variables | Model 1 Null model |
Model 2 (AOR 95%CI) |
Model 3 (AOR 95%CI) |
Model 4 (AOR 95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual variables | ||||
| Age at last birth | ||||
| <=19 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 20–29 | 0.91 (0. 69-1.21.21) | 0.93 (0.70–1.23) | ||
| 30–39 | 0.83 (0.60–1.14) | 0.84 (0.61–1.16) | ||
| 40+ | 0.97 (0.66–1.42) | 0.99 (0.67–1.44) | ||
| Marital Status | ||||
| Married | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Never married | 0.99(0.68–1.46) | 0.95 (0.65–1.41) | ||
| Living together | 1.02(0.68–1.50) | 1.06 (0.88–1.26) | ||
| Previous married | 1.31 (1.02–1.67)** | 1.58 (1.19–2.11)** | ||
| Household Head | ||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Female | 0.95 (0.79–1.13) | 0.94 (0.78–1.12) | ||
| Family Size | ||||
| 1–4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 5–9 | 0.90 (0.76–1.07) | 0.90 (0.75–1.07) | ||
| 10+ | 0.88 (0.67–1.15) | 1.13 (0.67–1.15) | ||
| Parity | ||||
| 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 2 | 2.08 (1.58–2.72)*** | 2.03 (1.55–2.66)*** | ||
| 3 | 2.07 (1.51–2.83)*** | 2.03 (1.47–2.78)*** | ||
| 4+ | 3.44 (2.53–4.68)*** | 3.34 (2.45–4.56) *** | ||
| Level of Education | ||||
| No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Primary | 0.97 (0.79–1.18) | 1.01(0.82–1.24) | ||
| Secondary or Higher | 0.52(0.39–0.68)*** | 0.58 (0.44–0.78)*** | ||
| Wealth Index | ||||
| Poor | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Middle | 0.73 (0.62–0.87)*** | 0.75 (0.63–0.90)*** | ||
| Rich | 0.56 (0.45–0.69)*** | 0.67 (0.52–0.85)*** | ||
| Religion | ||||
| Anglican | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Catholic | 1.03 (0.87–1.21) | 1.04 (0.88–1.23) | ||
| Muslim | 0.95 (0.72–1.26) | 0.97 (0.73–1.29) | ||
| Other’s | 0.96 (0.75–1.22) | 0.95 (0.75–1.21) | ||
| Employment Status | ||||
| Unemployed | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Employed | 1.11 (0.93–1.32) | 1.18 (0.99–1.42)* | ||
| Pregnancy intention | ||||
| Wanted then | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Wanted later | 1.20 (1.03–1.39)* | 1.21 (1.04–1.41) ** | ||
| Wanted no more | 1.16 (0.92–1.46) | 1.15 (0.91–1.45) | ||
| Number of ANC visits | ||||
| 1–3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 4+ | 0.59 (0.52–0.67)*** | 0.59 (0.52–0.68) *** | ||
| Quality of content of ANC | ||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| High | 0.52 (0.44–0.61)*** | 0.53 (0.45–0.62)*** | ||
| Community variables | ||||
| Place of Residence | ||||
| Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Rural | 1.41(1.02–1.94)** | 1.33 (0.96–1.83) * | ||
| Region of residence | ||||
| Central | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Eastern | 1.01(0.68–1.50) | 0.96 (0.65–1.44) | ||
| Northern | 0.38 (0.23–0.65)*** | 0.34 (0.21–0.56)*** | ||
| Western | 1.18 (0.75–1.86) | 1.09 (0.70–1.71) | ||
| Community Distance to Health Facility | ||||
| Inaccessible | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Accessible | 0.58 (0.48–0.70)*** | 0.72 (0.67–0.94)** | ||
| Community Ethnicity Diversity Index | ||||
| Less Diverse | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| More Diverse | 0.91(0.68–1.21) | 0.89 (0.67–1.18) | ||
| Community Socioeconomic status | ||||
| Advantaged | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Disadvantaged | 0.54 (0.39–0.74)*** | 0.75 (0.55–1.02)* | ||
| Community Media Saturation | ||||
| Less Saturated | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Saturated | 0.47(0.34–0.65)*** | 0.56 (0.42–076.42)*** | ||
| Community level of autonomy | ||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| High | 0.75 (0.54–1.03)* | 0.82 (0.61–1.11) | ||
| Random effect results: | ||||
| PSU Variance (95% CI) | 2.28(1.83–2.84) | 1.72(1.38–2.14) | 1.46(1.17–1.83) | 1.44(1.16–1.78) |
| ICC | 0.41 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.30 |
| Wild chi-square and p-value | Ref | χ2 = 332.10, p < 0.003 | χ2 = 198.89,p < 0.000 | χ2 = 459.00, p < 0.000 |
| Model fitness: | ||||
| Log-likelihood | −1693935.8 | −1518822.8 | −1663282.5 | −1502350.5 |
| AIC | 3,387,890 | 3,037,698 | 3,326,587 | 3,004,771 |
| PSU | 649 | 649 | 649 | 649 |
| N | 9,630 | 9,630 | 9,545 | 9,333 |
The Null model contains no predictor variables, but it partitioned the variance into two component parts
AIC Akaike Information Criterion, CI Confidence Interval, ® Reference category, AOR Adjusted Odd Ratio Significant level
***, **, and * denote 1%, 5% and 10% respectively