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. 2025 Nov 21;22:189. doi: 10.1186/s12954-025-01338-1

Table 1.

Features and harm reduction elements of the UPrEPU application

Types Features UPrEPU Harm reduction features
Drug-related Nutrition and Hydration During chemsex: Provide reminders to stay hydrated and supplement nutrition after taking drugs
Drug-related Intoxication and overdose management

During chemsex:

(1) Send alerts to emergency contact

(2) Providing information on what emergency measures can be taken in case of intoxication

Drug-related Rest and self-care

After chemsex:

(1) connect to hospitals and recovery group if user wants to stop engaging in chemsex

(2) for users who want to temporarily stop, provide a calendar to track the number of days abstinent

Drug, HIV, Sex-related Needle and syringe programmes Before chemsex: Provide a map to look up places where there is needle exchange, recycling, and vending machines
Drug, HIV, Sex-related Information, education and communication

(1) how to take PrEP/ART and use UPrEPU

(2) Provide LINE official account and email for communication

(3) Map to locate screening centers, PrEP access, and needle vending machines

Before chemsex:

(1) Provide information on chemsex urban legends and demystify it

(2) provide information on how to avoid overdose

Drug, Sex-related Conscious planning Dating diary, which allows users to record meet up details and timing, and partner HIV status
HIV, Sex-related Voluntary counselling and testing Record HIV testing
HIV, Sex-related PrEP Prompt notifications and record taking of PrEP (PrEP diary)
HIV, Sex-related Condom and lubricant use Record whether using condom in sex diary (can also record sexual activities and experiences in the sex diary)
HIV, Sex-related Suppressive ART Remind user to take ART