Table 2. Characteristics of the included studies.
| Author (year) | Subjects | Intervention measures | Outcome | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male/female | Age (years) | Intervention exercise | Control group | Frequency (times/week) | Duration (week/month) | ||
| Sigal et al. (2007) | 81/46 | C: 54.8 | Aerobic exercise | Sedentary | 3 | 6 months | HbA1c, Lipid metabolis, BMI |
| I: 53.5 | Resistance exercise | ||||||
| Church et al. (2010) | 40/77 | C: 58.6 | Aerobic exercise | Stretching and relaxation | 3 | 9 months | HbA1c, Peak oxygen uptake |
| I: 55.4 | Resistance exercise | ||||||
| Lambers et al. (2008) | 13/15 | C: 57.6 | Aerobic exercise | No intervention | 3 | 3 months | HbA1c, Lipid metabolis, Physical fitness, Quality of life |
| I: 55.8 | Resistance exercise | ||||||
| Tomas-Carus et al. (2016) | 17/13 | C: 58.9 | Aerobic exercise | Sedentary | 3 | 12 weeks | HbA1c, Quality of life |
| I: 59.9 | Resistance exercise | ||||||
| Seyedizadeh, Cheragh-Birjandi & Hamedi Nia (2020) | 0/22 | C: 60.81 | Aerobic exercise | No intervention | 3 | 8 weeks | Muscle strength |
| I: 56.69 | Resistance exercise | ||||||
| Johansen et al. (2017) | 51/47 | C: 56.6 | Aerobic exercise | Standard care | 5–6 | 12 months | HbA1c, Lipid metabolis, Physical fitness |
| I: 53.6 | Resistance exercise | ||||||
| Macdonald et al. (2021) | 51/47 | C: 56.6 | Aerobic exercise | Standard care | 5–6 | 12 months | Quality of life |
| I: 53.6 | Resistance exercise | ||||||
| Aylin et al. (2009) | 27/9 | C: 56.06 | Aerobic exercise | No intervention | ≥2 | 8 weeks | HbA1c, Blood sugar, Lipid metabolis, BMI, |
| I: 51.39 | Resistance exercise | ||||||
| Myers et al. (2013) | 30/47 | C: 58.1 | Aerobic exercise | Sedentary | 3 | 9 months | Quality of life |
| I: 56.9 | Resistance exercise | ||||||
| Balducci et al. (2010) | 329/234 | C: 58.8 | Aerobic exercise | Individual consultation | 2 | 12 months | HbA1c, Blood sugar, Lipid metabolis, Physical fitness |
| I: 58.8 | Resistance exercise | ||||||
| Reid et al. (2010) | 71/38 | C: 55.2 | Aerobic exercise | Sedentary | 3 | 6 months | Quality of life |
| I: 53.3 | Resistance exercise | ||||||
| Stomby et al. (2017) | 71/7 | C: 59.0 | Aerobic exercise | Dietary therapy | 3 | 12 weeks | HbA1c, Blood sugar, Lipid metabolis, Physical fitness, Overall cognitive function |
| I: 61.0 | Resistance exercise | ||||||
| Callisaya et al. (2017) | 26/24 | C: 67.1 | Aerobic exercise | Stretching and relaxation | 2 | 6 months | Overall cognitive function |
| I: 65.3 | Resistance exercise | ||||||
| Newton et al. (2020) | 46/48 | C: 53.7 | Aerobic exercise | Thematic education | 2 | 5 months | Blood sugar, Lipid metabolis, Peak oxygen uptake |
| I: 50.1 | Resistance exercise | ||||||
| Sénéchal et al. (2013) | 31/60 | C: 58.6 | Aerobic exercise | Stretching and relaxation | 2 | 9 months | Physical fitness |
| I: 55.9 | Resistance exercise | ||||||
| Annibalini et al. (2017) | 16/0 | C: 60.0 | Aerobic exercise | Routine care | 3 | 16 weeks | HbA1c, Blood sugar, Lipid metabolis, Physical fitness |
| I: 57.0 | resistance exercise | ||||||
| Donyaei et al. (2024) | 0/34 | C: 61.3 | Aerobic exercise | No intervention | 3 | 12 weeks | Blood sugar |
| I: 62.1 | Resistance exercise | ||||||
| Larose et al. (2010) | 81/46 | C: 54.8 | Aerobic exercise | Sedentary | 3 | 6 months | Peak oxygen uptake |
| I: 53.5 | Resistance exercise | ||||||
| Byrkjeland et al. (2015) | 95/19 | C: 63.2 | Aerobic exercise | Routine medical follow-up | 3 | 12 months | HbA1c, Peak oxygen uptake |
| I: 64.6 | Resistance exercise | ||||||
| Banitalebi et al. (2019) | 0/28 | C: 55.71 | Aerobic exercise | Routine care | 3 | 10 weeks | HbA1c, Blood sugar, Physical fitness |
| I: 54.14 | Resistance exercise | ||||||
| Sparks et al. (2013) | 8/14 | C: 60.8 | Aerobic exercise | Stretching and relaxation | 2 | 9 months | HbA1c, Physical fitness |
| I: 54.1 | Resistance exercise | ||||||
| Banitalebi et al. (2021) | 0/28 | C: 55.71 | Aerobic exercise | Routine care | 3 | 10 weeks | HbA1c, Blood sugar, Lipid metabolis, BMI |
| I: 54.14 | Resistance exercise | ||||||
| Kadoglou et al. (2013) | 12/34 | C: 57.9 | Aerobic exercise | Physical activity | 4 | 6 months | HbA1c, Blood sugar, Lipid metabolis, Physical fitness |
| I: 57.9 | Resistance exercise | ||||||
| De Oliveira et al. (2012) | 8/14 | C: 53.42 | Aerobic exercise | Sedentary | 3 | 12 weeks | HbA1c, Blood sugar, Peak oxygen uptake |
| I: 57.9 | Resistance exercise | ||||||
| Jamshidpour, Bahrpeyma & Khatami (2020) | 20/8 | C: 58.46 | Aerobic exercise | No intervention | 3 | 8 weeks | Quality of life |
| I: 64.93 | Resistance exercise | ||||||
| Delevatti et al. (2022) | 20/18 | C: 58.6 | Aquatic aerobic training | Stretching and relaxation | 3 | 15 weeks | HbA1c, Blood sugar, Lipid metabolis |
| I: 60.9 | Aquatic resistance training | ||||||
| Delevatti et al. (2020) | 20/18 | C: 58.6 | Aquatic aerobic training | Stretching and relaxation | 3 | 15 weeks | Peak oxygen uptake |
| I: 60.9 | Aquatic resistance training | ||||||
| Kang, Ko & Baek (2016) | 0/16 | C: 57.5 | Walking resistance exercise | Sedentary | 3 | 12 weeks | Blood sugar, Lipid metabolis, Peak oxygen uptake |
| I: 56.0 | |||||||
| Ghodrati et al. (2023) | 0/21 | C: 55.8 | Aerobic exercise | Sedentary | 3 | 12 months | HbA1c, Blood sugar, Physical fitness, Overall cognitive function |
| I: 58.8 | Resistance exercise | ||||||
| Balance exercise | |||||||
| Martínez-Velilla et al. (2021) | 50/53 | C: 86.0 | Aerobic exercise | Routine care | 5–7 | Continued for 8 days or until discharge | Overall cognitive function |
| I: 87.0 | Resistance exercise | ||||||
| Balance exercise | |||||||
| Espeland et al. (2017) | 155/260 | 70–89 | Aerobic exercise | Health education | 3–4 | 24 months | Overall cognitive function |
| Resistance exercise | |||||||
| Flexibility and balance training | |||||||
| Szilágyi et al. (2019) | 74/134 | C: 60.10 | Aerobic exercise | No intervention | 3–4 | 24 weeks | BMI |
| I: 61.83 | Resistance exercise | ||||||
| Recreation sports | |||||||
| Jeon et al. (2020) | 0/35 | C:61.1 | Folk dance | No intervention | 3 | 12 weeks | HbA1c, Lipid metabolis, BMI |
| I: 62.1 | Resistance exercise | ||||||
| Cai et al. (2023) | 13/21 | C: 61.82 | Yi jin jing | No intervention | 5 | 6 months | HbA1c, Blood sugar, Lipid metabolis, BMI |
| I: 63.41 | Resistance exercise | ||||||
| Venkataraman et al. (2019) | 63/80 | 62 | Power training | Drug therapy | 1 | 8 weeks | Quality of life |
| Balance exercise | |||||||
| Yue et al. (2023) | 45/38 | 60.57 | Tai Chi | health education | 3 | 12 weeks | Quality of life |
| Mindfulness training | |||||||
| Ahmad et al. (2020) | 25/13 | C: 57.24 | Sensorimotor | Routine care | 3 | 8 weeks | Muscle function |
| I: 60.33 | Gait training | ||||||
Note:
I, Intervention group; C, Control group.