Table 2.
Impact of hormonal variability on macular hole development.
| Group | Participants (n) | Hormone Variability Index (HVI, Mean ± SD) | Macular Hole Progression Rate (%) | Change in MLD (μm, Mean ± SD) | Change in Retinal Thickness (μm, Mean ± SD) | p-value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Postmenopausal women (No ERT) | 20 | 12 ± 3 | 55 | +25 ± 8 | −15 ± 5 | < 0.05 |
| Postmenopausal women (ERT) | 15 | 5 ± 2 | 30 | −10 ± 6 | +20 ± 7 | < 0.05 |
| Men with hypogonadism | 25 | 10 ± 2 | 60 | +30 ± 9 | −12 ± 4 | < 0.05 |
| Men with normal testosterone | 28 | 4 ± 1 | 35 | −5 ± 5 | +18 ± 6 | < 0.05 |
*p-values derived from one-way ANOVA comparing groups. HVI, Hormone Variability Index; MLD, minimum linear diameter; ERT, Estrogen Replacement Therapy; SD, Standard Deviation.