Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the DK/DKA group and the HHS group
| DK/DKA group | HHS group | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 92 DK 55/DKA 37 | 17 | |
| Age (years) | 57 (41–68) | 85 (80–90) | < 0.0001 |
| Male/Female | 61/31 | 5/12 | 0.0044 |
| Type of diabetes mellitus (type 1/type 2) | 26/66 | 0/17 | 0.011 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.9 (20.1–26.8) | 23.1 (19.0–24.3) | 0.26 |
| Plasma glucagon (pg/mL) | 63.6 (34.0–131.6) DK 44.8/DKA 133.8 | 142.9 (76.1–283.95) | 0.0041 |
| HbA1c (%) | 12.5 (10.3–14.4) | 11.0 (8.5–12.1) | 0.014 |
| Plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 484 (331–678) | 791 (686–957) | < 0.0001 |
| Serum ketone bodies (μmol/L) | 6224 (1612–11,506) | 1771 (334–3992) | 0.0013 |
| Arterial blood pH | 7.37 (7.24–7.42) DK 7.41/DKA 7.19 | 7.41 (7.35–7.42) | 0.07 |
| Bicarbonate in arterial blood (mEq/L) | 18.5 (10.3–22.2) DK 22.0/DKA 8.8 | 24.2 (19.3–27.4) | 0.0005 |
| Anion gap in arterial blood (mEq/L) | 18.6 (14.2–25.4) DK 14.9 / DKA 26.0 | 17.7 (15.9–19.5) | 0.44 |
| Lactic acid in arterial blood (mmol/L) | 1.6 (1.1–2.7) | 2.2 (1.9–2.7) | 0.049 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.84 (0.63–1.31) | 1.39 (1.01–1.66) | 0.0058 |
| Serum osmolality (mOSM) | 306 (291–331) | 368 (351–399) | < 0.0001 |
| Serum C-peptide immunoreactivity (ng/mL) | 1.4 (0.7–2.4) DK 1.7/DKA 1.1 | 2.7 (1.5–3.8) | 0.001 |
| C-peptide immunoreactivity/glucose | 0.34 (0.15–0.57) DK 0.43/DKA 0.14 | 0.35 (0.18–0.66) | 0.59 |
Median and interquartile ranges (in parenthesis) are shown
C-peptide immunoreactivity/glucose is shown as calculated values multiplied by 100
BMI body mass index, DK diabetic ketosis, DKA diabetic ketoacidosis, HHS hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state