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. 2025 Nov 10;10:1684137. doi: 10.3389/frma.2025.1684137

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Copyright © 2025 Zhou and Hu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Four heatmaps labeled a, b, c, and d depict data distributions. Each map uses red to blue color gradients to represent mean values, ranging from zero to 1.59. Axes labeled “Number” and “Item” vary across maps, showing different patterns. — Entropy heatmaps of consistency across four literature-quality appraisal tools. (a) AMSTAR 2, (b) CASP, (c) PEDro, (d) ROB 2.