Table 2.

Brain activities between populations (cognitive frailty/healthy) and conditions (UW/SSE1/SSE2).

Brain regions	Population	UW	SSE1	SSE2	Population effect		Condition effect		Population*condition
		Estimated mean (standard error)	Estimated mean (standard error)	Estimated mean (standard error)	Wald χ2	P	Wald χ2	P	Wald χ2	P
Left PFC	Cognitive frailty	−0.010 (0.050)	0.224 (0.050) *	0.235 (0.050) *	0.966	0.326	40.976	<0.001	1.370	0.504
	Healthy control	−0.047 (0.053)	0.146 (0.053) *	0.131 (0.053) *
Right PFC	Cognitive frailty	−0.067 (0.048)	0.270 (0.048) *	0.243 (0.048) *	0.076	0.783	83.022	<0.001	0.655	0.721
	Healthy control	−0.051 (0.051)	0.231 (0.051) *	0.208 (0.051) *
Left SMA	Cognitive frailty	−0.047 (0.047)	0.272 (0.047) *	0.286 (0.047) *	0.768	0.381	77.958	<0.001	1.294	0.524
	Healthy control	−0.072 (0.046)	0.212 (0.046) *	0.200 (0.046) *
Right SMA	Cognitive frailty	−0.090 (0.052)	0.214 (0.052) *	0.217 (0.052) *	0.453	0.501	242.207	<0.001	0.876	0.645
	Healthy control	−0.004 (0.051)	0.253 (0.051) *	0.246 (0.051) *
Left PMC	Cognitive frailty	0.048 (0.049)	0.251 (0.049) *	0.242 (0.049) *	2.937	0.087	43.645	<0.001	0.518	0.772
	Healthy control	−0.102 (0.048)	0.149 (0.048) *	0.136 (0.048) *
Right PMC	Cognitive frailty	0.066 (0.059)	0.328 (0.059) *	0.301 (0.059) *,#	6.068	0.014	34.147	<0.001	11.113	0.004
	Healthy control	−0.126 (0.058)	0.095 (0.058) *	0.105 (0.058) *

Data presented as estimated mean (standard error) after adjusted by age and education level. Abbreviations: SSE, square-stepping exercise; UW, usual walking; PFC, prefrontal cortex; SMA, supplementary motor area; PMC, premotor cortex.

*p < 0.05 compared to UW (after Bonferroni correction).

^#p < 0.05 compared to SSE1 (after Bonferroni correction).