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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Jan 30.
Published in final edited form as: J Memb Sci. 2025 Sep 16;736:124703. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2025.124703

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

ED-cell setup. For all ED experiments, a voltage (Vdrop) of 0.4 V was held constant between the reference electrodes for the duration of the ED experiment. ERS stands for electrode rinse solution.