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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Jan 30.
Published in final edited form as: J Memb Sci. 2025 Sep 16;736:124703. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2025.124703

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

(A) Permeability selectivity (PVFAi/PVFAj) between VFAi (shorter carbon-chain) and VFAj (longer carbon-chain) during ED for mixed-counterion conditions. (B) Permeability selectivity, (C) partition selectivity (KVFAi/KVFAj), and (D) mobility selectivity (uVFAi/uVFAj) between VFAi and VFAj under single-counterion and mixed-counterion conditions. The horizontal red line at 1.0 in all panels indicates the direction of each transport property selectivity. For the mixed-counterion condition, the permeability selectivities in Panel B and the calculated mobility selectivities in Panel D are derived from the initial permeability selectivity (vertical dark grey line in Panel A). C2, C3, C4, and C5 represent the number of carbons in acetate, propionate, and valerate, respectively. The total initial counterion concentration for all experiments was 0.1 M with Na+ as the corresponding cation. Each point or bar is the average value from at least duplicate experiments, and error bars represent the standard deviation.