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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Jan 30.
Published in final edited form as: J Memb Sci. 2025 Sep 16;736:124703. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2025.124703

Figure 6.

Figure 6.

(A) Permeability selectivity (PVFA/PCl−) between each VFA and Cl− during ED for mixed-counterion conditions. (B) Permeability selectivity, (C) partition selectivity (KVFA/KCl−), and (D) mobility selectivity (uVFA/uCl−) for each VFA/Cl− counterion pair under single-counterion and mixed-counterion conditions. The horizontal red line at 1.0 in all panels indicates the direction of each transport property selectivity. C2, C3, C4, and C5 represent the number of carbons in acetate, propionate, butyrate, and valerate. For the mixed-counterion conditions, the permeability selectivities in Panel B and the calculated mobility selectivities in Panel D are derived from the initial permeability selectivities (vertical dark grey line in Panel A). The total initial counterion concentration for all experiments was 0.1 M with Na+ as the corresponding cation. Each point or bar is the average value from at least duplicate experiments, and error bars represent the standard deviation.