Table 2.
Linear Mixed-Effect model analyses for the primary outcomes
| Primary outcomes | Timepoints | Intervention groups | Yoga Vs Breathing exercise and relaxation | Yoga Vs Control | Breathing exercise and relaxation Vs Control | Overall P | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yoga | Breathing exercise and relaxation | Control | Estimate for Difference | 95% CI | P | Hedge’s g | Estimate for Difference | 95% CI | P | Hedge’s g | Estimate for Difference | 95% CI | P | |||
| (n=142) | (n=142) | (n=140) | ||||||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||||||||||||||
| Shoulder Rotation Flexibility (cm) (n=424) | Baseline | 57.67 (7.91) | 58.74 (7.91) | 57.16 (7.90) | -1.06 | -3.32, 0.57 | 0.76 | 0.51 | -1.75, 2.77 | 0.99 | 1.57 | -2.77, 1.75 | 0.28 | 0.004 | ||
| Immediate post-intervention | 61.12 (7.40) | 59.44 (7.47) | 57.82 (7.88) | 1.68 | -0.44, 3.78 | 0.17 | 0.23 | 3.30 | 1.11, 5.49 | 0.001 | 0.43 | 1.62 | -3.79, 0.44 | 0.23 | ||
| 3-month | 61.55 (7.17) | 59.63 (7.35) | 57.31 (7.78) | 2.34 | 0.33, 4.35 | 0.016 | 0.38 | 3.64 | 1.54, 5.73 | <0.001 | 0.57 | 1.3 | -0.84, 3.44 | 0.44 | ||
| 6-month | 61.87 (7.46) | 59.72 (7.48) | 58.73 (7.82) | 1.92 | -0.15, 3.99 | 0.079 | 4.23 | 2.09, 6.38 | <0.001 | 0.41 | 2.32 | 0.15, 4.48 | 0.031 | |||
| 12-month | 61.78 (8.53) | 60.11 (8.65) | 58.94 (9.09) | 1.06 | -1.38, 3.51 | 0.89 | 3.14 | 0.62, 5.66 | 0.009 | 0.32 | 2.08 | -0.46, 4.62 | 0.15 | |||
| Back scratch (inches) (Left) (n=437) | Baseline | -6.74 (10.99) | -6.05 (10.99) | -6.39 (10.99) | -0.69 | -3.77, 2.38 | 0.99 | -0.36 | -3.45, 2.73 | 0.99 | 0.33 | -2.77, 3.44 | 0.99 | 0.56 | ||
| Immediate post-intervention | -4.11 (11.16) | -5.13 (11.21) | -6.40 (11.54) | 1.02 | -2.11, 4.14 | 0.99 | 2.29 | -0.89, 5.49 | 0.25 | 1.28 | -1.92, 4.49 | 0.99 | ||||
| 3-month | -4.05 (11.25) | -5.14 (11.33) | -6.16 (11.76) | 1.09 | -2.07, 4.34 | 0.99 | 2.11 | -1.12, 5.34 | 0.36 | 1.02 | -2.25, 4.28 | 0.99 | ||||
| 6-month | -4.37 (11.33) | -5.12 (11.37) | -6.20 (11.71) | 0.75 | -2.42, 3.92 | 0.99 | 1.83 | -1.40, 5.08 | 0.53 | 1.08 | -2.17, 4.34 | 0.99 | ||||
| 12-month | -4.22 (11.29) | -4.66 (11.39) | -6.92 (11.62) | 0.44 | -2.74, 3.61 | 0.99 | 2.69 | -0.52, 5.92 | 0.14 | 2.26 | -0.98, 5.50 | 0.28 | ||||
| Back scratch (Right) (inches) (n=437) | Baseline | -1.03 (10.18) | -2.25 (10.18) | -2.11 (10.18) | 1.22 | -1.63, 4.07 | 0.91 | 1.07 | -1.63,4.07 | 0.99 | -0.15 | -3.02, 2.72 | 0.99 | 0.013 | ||
| Immediate post-intervention | 1.48 (10.43) | -0.79 (10.39) | -2.29 (10.68) | 2.26 | -0.63, 5.17 | 0.18 | 3.77 | 0.81, 6.73 | 0.007 | 0.36 | 1.51 | -1.46, 4.47 | 0.67 | |||
| 3-month | 1.11 (10.40) | -1.17 (10.51) | -2.37 (10.88) | 2.27 | -0.65, 5.20 | 0.19 | 3.47 | 0.47, 6.46 | 0.017 | 0.33 | 1.19 | -1.81, 4.21 | 0.99 | |||
| 6-month | 1.04 (10.50) | -1.87 (10.56) | -2.53 (10.87) | 2.9 | -0.04, 5.85 | 0.06 | 3.57 | 0.56, 6.57 | 0.014 | 0.33 | 0.66 | -2.35, 3.67 | 0.99 | |||
| 12-month | 1.38 (10.48) | -1.02 (10.57) | -2.33 (10.81) | 2.41 | -0.53, 5.36 | 0.15 | 3.71 | 0.72, 6.71 | 0.009 | 0.35 | 1.3 | -1.70, 4.31 | 0.89 | |||