Table 3.
Linear Mixed-Effect model analyses for the secondary outcomes
| Outcomes | Time Point | Yoga Vs Breathing exercise and relaxation | Yoga Vs Control | Breathing exercise and relaxation Vs Control | Overall P | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yoga (n= 142) | Breathing exercise and relaxation (n= 142) | Control (n= 140) | Estimate for Difference | 95% CI | P | Hedge’s g | Estimate for Difference | 95% CI | P | Hedge’s g | Estimate for Difference | 95% CI | P | |||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||||||||||||||
| Arm symptoms | Baseline | 20.21 (18.11) | 20.71 (18.23) | 21.02 (18.04) | 0.97 | |||||||||||
| Immediate post-intervention | 20.91 (16.29) | 21.84 (16.53) | 18.60 (17.29) | -0.93 | -5.61, 3.74 | 1.00 | -0.06 | -2.31 | -7.11, 2.50 | 0.75 | 0.14 | -3.24 | -8.08, 1.60 | 0.33 | ||
| 3-month | 18.49 (15.34) | 18.03 (15.78) | 19.23 (16.45) | 0.46 | -3.97, 4.89 | 1.00 | 0.03 | 0.75 | -3.80, 5.30 | 1.00 | -0.05 | 1.21 | -3.40, 5.82 | 1.00 | ||
| 6-month | 17.60 (15.46) | 18.31 (15.80) | 19.07 (15.99) | -0.71 | -5.16, 3.74 | 1.00 | -0.05 | 1.47 | -3.03, 5.97 | 1.00 | -0.09 | 0.76 | -3.78, 5.31 | 1.00 | ||
| 12-month | 15.46 (15.31) | 15.29 (15.65) | 16.49 (15.87) | 0.18 | -4.24, 4.59 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 1.03 | -3.43, 5.49 | 1.00 | -0.07 | 1.21 | -3.30, 5.72 | 1.00 | ||
| Breast symptoms | Baseline | 17.90 (15.93) | 19.67 (16.04) | 18.98 (15.88) | 0.70 | |||||||||||
| Immediate post-intervention | 18.15 (13.99) | 17.83 (14.20) | 15.44 (14.96) | 0.32 | -3.70, 4.33 | 1.00 | 0.02 | -2.71 | -6.85, 1.44 | 0.35 | 0.19 | -2.39 | -6.56, 1.78 | 0.51 | ||
| 3-month | 15.02 (12.77) | 14.60 (13.17) | 12.97 (13.82) | 0.42 | -3.28, 4.11 | 1.00 | 0.03 | -2.05 | -5.85, 1.76 | 0.59 | 0.15 | -1.63 | -5.49, 2.23 | 0.93 | ||
| 6-month | 12.67 (12.13) | 12.30 (12.42) | 12.37 (12.58) | 0.38 | -3.12, 3.88 | 1.00 | 0.03 | -0.30 | -3.83, 3.24 | 1.00 | 0.02 | 0.08 | -3.50, 3.66 | 1.00 | ||
| 12-month | 11.23 (13.20) | 11.27 (13.51) | 11.26 (13.74) | -0.04 | -3.85, 3.77 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | -3.82, 3.89 | 1.00 | 0.00 | -0.01 | -3.91, 3.89 | 1.00 | ||
| Emotional functioning | Baseline | 78.58 (19.50) | 79.59 (19.63) | 79.17 (19.43) | 0.79 | |||||||||||
| Immediate post-intervention | 80.27 (18.18) | 78.58 (18.42) | 80.88 (19.10) | 1.69 | -3.52, 6.91 | 1.00 | 0.09 | 0.61 | -4.72, 5.94 | 1.00 | -0.03 | 2.30 | -3.06, 7.67 | 0.91 | ||
| 3-month | 80.60 (17.68) | 81.25 (18.12) | 83.20 (18.75) | -0.65 | -5.75, 4.46 | 1.00 | -0.04 | 2.60 | -2.61, 7.81 | 0.70 | -0.14 | 1.95 | -3.32, 7.23 | 1.00 | ||
| 6-month | 82.67 (17.25) | 84.29 (17.58) | 84.92 (17.72) | -1.63 | -6.59, 3.34 | 1.00 | -0.09 | 2.25 | -2.75, 7.26 | 0.84 | -0.13 | 0.63 | -4.42, 5.68 | 1.00 | ||
| 12-month | 84.09 (18.79) | 84.80 (19.17) | 84.00 (19.40) | -0.70 | -6.12, 4.71 | 1.00 | -0.04 | -0.10 | -5.56, 5.37 | 1.00 | 0.01 | -0.80 | -6.32, 4.71 | 1.00 | ||
| Role functioning | Baseline | 85.01 (19.75) | 84.35 (19.89) | 86.15 (19.68) | 0.30 | |||||||||||
| Immediate post-intervention | 86.22 (16.84) | 86.32 (17.11) | 89.10 (18.06) | -0.10 | -4.94, 4.74 | 1.00 | -0.01 | 2.88 | -2.11, 7.88 | 0.50 | -0.16 | 2.78 | -2.25, 7.81 | 0.56 | ||
| 3-month | 88.47 (16.09) | 89.70 (16.61) | 92.28 (17.50) | -1.23 | -5.89, 3.44 | 1.00 | -0.07 | 3.81 | -1.00, 8.62 | 0.17 | -0.23 | 2.59 | -2.30, 7.47 | 0.61 | ||
| 6-month | 89.58 (16.52) | 89.51 (16.91) | 91.57 (17.18) | 0.07 | -4.69, 4.84 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.99 | -2.83, 6.81 | 0.97 | -0.12 | 2.06 | -2.82, 6.94 | 0.93 | ||
| 12-month | 92.95 (15.61) | 92.44 (15.98) | 92.81 (16.26) | 0.52 | -3.99, 5.02 | 1.00 | 0.03 | -0.15 | -4.71, 4.42 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.37 | -4.24, 4.99 | 1.00 | ||
| Physical functioning | Baseline | 85.59 (13.76) | 84.31 (13.86) | 86.49 (13.71) | 0.42 | |||||||||||
| Immediate post-intervention | 86.21 (12.36) | 86.17 (12.54) | 88.29 (13.09) | 0.05 | -3.50, 3.59 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 2.07 | -1.57, 5.71 | 0.52 | -0.16 | 2.12 | -1.55, 5.78 | 0.50 | ||
| 3-month | 87.69 (10.86) | 90.91 (11.14) | 90.29 (11.55) | -3.22 | -6.36, -0.09 | 0.04 | -0.29 | 2.60 | -0.61, 5.81 | 0.16 | -0.23 | -0.62 | -3.87, 2.63 | 1.00 | ||
| 6-month | 89.70 (11.30) | 88.20 (11.54) | 90.37 (11.65) | 1.50 | -1.76, 4.75 | 0.81 | 0.13 | 0.68 | -2.61, 3.96 | 1.00 | -0.06 | 2.17 | -1.14, 5.49 | 0.35 | ||
| 12-month | 90.36 (12.33) | 89.49 (12.60) | 90.32 (12.78) | 0.87 | -2.68, 4.42 | 1.00 | 0.07 | -0.04 | -3.63, 3.55 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.83 | -2.80, 4.45 | 1.00 | ||
| Social functioning | Baseline | 82.33 (21.21) | 81.97 (21.35) | 84.01 (21.13) | 0.09 | |||||||||||
| Immediate post-intervention | 81.20 (19.65) | 82.19 (19.95) | 88.35 (20.98) | -0.99 | -6.63, 4.65 | 1.00 | -0.05 | 7.14 | 1.33, 12.96 | 0.01 | -0.35 | 6.16 | 0.30, 12.01 | 0.04 | ||
| 3-month | 86.67 (17.14) | 90.84 (17.66) | 93.60 (18.47) | -4.17 | -9.13, 0.79 | 0.13 | -0.24 | 6.93 | 1.83, 12.03 | <0.001 | -0.39 | 2.76 | -2.41, 7.93 | 0.60 | ||
| 6-month | 90.26 (17.05) | 90.31 (17.45) | 91.28 (17.68) | -0.05 | -4.97, 4.87 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.03 | -3.94, 6.00 | 1.00 | -0.06 | 0.98 | -4.05, 6.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 12-month | 91.35 (17.37) | 90.39 (17.78) | 91.66 (18.04) | 0.95 | -4.06, 5.96 | 1.00 | 0.05 | 0.32 | -4.75, 5.39 | 1.00 | -0.02 | 1.27 | -3.85, 6.39 | 1.00 | ||
| Cognitive functioning | Baseline | 80.09 (18.60) | 78.69 (18.72) | 80.07 (18.53) | 0.92 | |||||||||||
| Immediate post-intervention | 78.34 (18.94) | 78.54 (19.17) | 78.61 (19.84) | -0.20 | -5.63, 5.22 | 1.00 | -0.01 | 0.27 | -5.27, 5.81 | 1.00 | -0.01 | 0.07 | -5.50, 5.65 | 1.00 | ||
| 3-month | 80.81 (19.03) | 82.50 (19.52) | 84.55 (20.22) | -1.69 | -7.18, 3.80 | 1.00 | -0.09 | 3.74 | -1.87, 9.35 | 0.33 | -0.19 | 2.05 | -3.63, 7.72 | 1.00 | ||
| 6-month | 82.29 (19.20) | 82.31 (19.61) | 83.23 (19.81) | -0.03 | -5.55, 5.50 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.94 | -4.63, 6.51 | 1.00 | -0.05 | 0.91 | -4.71, 6.54 | 1.00 | ||
| 12-month | 84.99 (19.08) | 82.25 (19.48) | 81.63 (19.72) | 2.75 | -2.74, 8.24 | 0.69 | 0.14 | -3.37 | -8.91, 2.18 | 0.44 | 0.17 | -0.62 | -6.22, 4.98 | 1.00 | ||
| Mental fatigue | Baseline | 4.62 (3.91) | 4.42 (3.93) | 4.69 (3.89) | 0.84 | |||||||||||
| Immediate post-intervention | 5.00 (3.80) | 5.11 (3.85) | 4.15 (3.99) | -0.11 | -1.20, 0.99 | 1.00 | -0.03 | -0.85 | -1.97, 0.26 | 0.20 | 0.22 | -0.96 | -2.08, 0.17 | 0.12 | ||
| 3-month | 4.71 (3.73) | 4.09 (3.81) | 4.22 (3.95) | 0.61 | -0.46, 1.69 | 0.52 | 0.16 | -0.48 | -1.58, 0.62 | 0.88 | 0.12 | 0.13 | -0.98, 1.24 | 1.00 | ||
| 6-month | 3.95 (3.87) | 4.50 (3.94) | 3.90 (3.99) | -0.55 | -1.67, 0.56 | 0.70 | -0.14 | -0.04 | -1.17, 1.08 | 1.00 | 0.01 | -0.60 | -1.73, 0.54 | 0.62 | ||
| 12-month | 3.82 (3.99) | 4.06 (4.08) | 4.20 (4.12) | -0.24 | -1.39, 0.91 | 1.00 | -0.06 | 0.38 | -0.78, 1.54 | 1.00 | -0.09 | 0.14 | -1.03, 1.31 | 1.00 | ||
| Physical fatigue | Baseline | 10.61 (7.82) | 10.12 (7.88) | 10.14 (7.79) | 0.62 | |||||||||||
| Immediate post-intervention | 9.49 (7.19) | 9.92 (7.28) | 7.77 (7.58) | -0.44 | -2.49, 1.63 | 1.00 | -0.06 | -1.72 | -3.83, 0.40 | 0.16 | 0.23 | -2.15 | -4.28, -0.02 | 0.05 | ||
| 3-month | 8.18 (6.72) | 6.81 (6.90) | 6.99 (7.17) | 1.37 | -0.57, 3.31 | 0.27 | 0.20 | -1.19 | -3.18, 0.80 | 0.46 | 0.17 | 0.18 | -1.83, 2.19 | 1.00 | ||
| 6-month | 7.40 (7.15) | 7.60 (7.30) | 7.41 (7.38) | -0.20 | -2.26, 1.86 | 1.00 | -0.03 | 0.01 | -2.07, 2.09 | 1.00 | 0.00 | -0.19 | -2.29, 1.91 | 1.00 | ||
| 12-month | 7.53 (7.25) | 6.97 (7.40) | 7.58 (7.49) | 0.56 | -1.53, 2.64 | 1.00 | 0.08 | 0.05 | -2.05, 2.16 | 1.00 | -0.01 | 0.61 | -1.52, 2.74 | 1.00 | ||
| Anxiety | Baseline | 4.11 (3.52) | 4.12 (3.54) | 4.38 (3.50) | 0.99 | |||||||||||
| Immediate post-intervention | 4.47 (3.57) | 4.52 (3.61) | 4.07 (3.73) | -0.05 | -1.07, 0.98 | 1.00 | -0.01 | -0.40 | -1.45, 0.64 | 1.00 | 0.11 | -0.45 | -1.50, 0.60 | 0.91 | ||
| 3-month | 3.54 (3.59) | 3.62 (3.67) | 3.91 (3.79) | -0.08 | -1.11, 0.95 | 1.00 | -0.02 | 0.37 | -0.69, 1.42 | 1.00 | -0.10 | 0.29 | -0.78, 1.36 | 1.00 | ||
| 6-month | 3.39 (3.62) | 3.64 (3.69) | 3.35 (3.73) | -0.25 | -1.29, 0.79 | 1.00 | -0.07 | -0.05 | -1.10, 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.01 | -0.30 | -1.36, 0.76 | 1.00 | ||
| 12-month | 3.54 (3.60) | 3.21 (3.68) | 3.58 (3.72) | 0.33 | -0.71, 1.37 | 1.00 | 0.09 | 0.04 | -1.01, 1.08 | 1.00 | -0.01 | 0.37 | -0.69, 1.43 | 1.00 | ||
| Depression | Baseline | 4.04 (3.30) | 3.78 (3.31) | 4.00 (3.28) | 0.60 | |||||||||||
| Immediate post-intervention | 3.93 (3.35) | 3.99 (3.40) | 3.27 (3.50) | -0.06 | -1.02, 0.90 | 1.00 | -0.02 | -0.65 | -1.63, 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.19 | -0.72 | -1.70, 0.27 | 0.24 | ||
| 3-month | 3.39 (3.37) | 3.08 (3.44) | 3.08 (3.56) | 0.31 | -0.67, 1.28 | 1.00 | 0.09 | -0.31 | -1.30, 0.68 | 1.00 | 0.09 | -0.01 | -1.01, 0.99 | 1.00 | ||
| 6-month | 3.18 (3.40) | 2.91 (3.47) | 2.96 (3.49) | 0.26 | -0.71, 1.24 | 1.00 | 0.08 | -0.22 | -1.21, 0.76 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.04 | -0.95, 1.04 | 1.00 | ||
| 12-month | 3.24 (3.37) | 2.75 (3.44) | 2.89 (3.49) | 0.49 | -0.48, 1.46 | 0.68 | 0.14 | -0.35 | -1.33, 0.63 | 1.00 | 0.10 | 0.14 | -0.85, 1.13 | 1.00 | ||
| Sleep quality | Baseline | 7.84 (3.57) | 7.82 (3.60) | 7.73 (3.57) | 0.59 | |||||||||||
| Immediate post-intervention | 7.38 (3.62) | 7.21 (3.67) | 7.64 (3.77) | 0.17 | -0.87, 1.21 | 1.00 | 0.05 | 0.26 | -0.79, 1.32 | 1.00 | -0.07 | 0.43 | -0.63, 1.49 | 0.99 | ||
| 3-month | 7.27 (3.65) | 6.76 (3.73) | 7.37 (3.83) | 0.51 | -0.54, 1.56 | 0.73 | 0.14 | 0.10 | -0.97, 1.17 | 1.00 | -0.03 | 0.61 | -0.47, 1.69 | 0.53 | ||
| 6-month | 7.28 (3.67) | 6.67 (3.75) | 6.57 (3.77) | 0.60 | -0.45, 1.66 | 0.52 | 0.16 | -0.70 | -1.76, 0.36 | 0.34 | 0.19 | -0.10 | -1.17, 0.98 | 1.00 | ||
| 12-month | 7.17 (3.66) | 6.64 (3.73) | 6.99 (3.76) | 0.53 | -0.52, 1.58 | 0.68 | 0.14 | -0.18 | -1.24, 0.88 | 1.00 | 0.05 | 0.36 | -0.72, 1.43 | 1.00 | ||
| Pain intensity | Baseline | 36.10 (21.56) | 36.38 (21.35) | 33.74 (21.52) | 0.52 | |||||||||||
| Immediate post-intervention | 32.73 (21.49) | 34.28 (21.96) | 32.89 (23.48) | -1.56 | -7.74, 4.63 | 1.00 | -0.07 | 0.16 | -6.26, 6.59 | 1.00 | -0.01 | -1.39 | -7.88, 5.10 | 1.00 | ||
| 3-month | 28.63 (22.55) | 31.57 (23.05) | 32.58 (24.99) | -2.94 | -9.43, 3.55 | 0.83 | -0.13 | 3.95 | -2.85, 10.74 | 0.49 | -0.17 | 1.01 | -5.86, 7.87 | 1.00 | ||
| 6-month | 30.29 (22.71) | 33.94 (23.42) | 33.09 (25.14) | -3.64 | -10.21, 2.92 | 0.55 | -0.16 | 2.79 | -4.05, 9.64 | 0.98 | -0.12 | -0.85 | -7.79, 6.09 | 1.00 | ||
| 12-month | 31.94 (23.14) | 34.08 (23.88) | 31.16 (25.47) | -2.14 | -8.83, 4.55 | 1.00 | -0.09 | -0.79 | -7.74, 6.16 | 1.00 | 0.03 | -2.93 | -9.98, 4.12 | 0.96 | ||
| Pain disability | Baseline | 31.08 (24.76) | 32.23 (24.51) | 33.12 (24.72) | 0.84 | |||||||||||
| Immediate post-intervention | 29.17 (24.67) | 26.61 (25.22) | 27.25 (26.97) | 2.57 | -4.53, 9.67 | 1.00 | 0.10 | -1.92 | -9.30, 5.46 | 1.00 | 0.07 | 0.65 | -6.81, 8.10 | 1.00 | ||
| 3-month | 22.86 (25.89) | 23.03 (26.48) | 25.20 (28.73) | -0.17 | -7.62, 7.28 | 1.00 | -0.01 | 2.34 | -5.47, 10.15 | 1.00 | -0.09 | 2.17 | -5.72, 10.06 | 1.00 | ||
| 6-month | 23.38 (26.10) | 27.06 (26.91) | 27.50 (28.93) | -3.68 | -11.22, 3.87 | 0.73 | -0.14 | 4.12 | -3.75, 11.99 | 0.63 | -0.15 | 0.44 | -7.54, 8.42 | 1.00 | ||
| 12-month | 22.97 (26.61) | 24.31 (27.47) | 22.67 (29.33) | -1.34 | -9.03, 6.36 | 1.00 | -0.05 | -0.31 | -8.30, 7.69 | 1.00 | 0.01 | -1.64 | -9.76, 6.47 | 1.00 | ||