| bacterial autonomous bioluminescence |
functional
reconstruction of luxCDABE operons
across diverse hosts, with metabolic support from luxG or frp. |
low quantum yield (∼0.1–0.2) limits the detection of
rapid and low-intensity events. |
AI-guided mutagenesis and de novo design to enhance catalytic
efficiency and reaction
kinetics. |
,,,,
|
| Cryo-EM elucidation
of the LuxC–LuxE complex, revealing
the structural basis of fatty acid reduction. |
metabolic burden from long-chain aldehyde
synthesis may impair host growth. |
spectral expansion
from blue-green toward near-infrared for deep-tissue imaging. |
| modularized size-reduced gene
cassettes for delivery via viral vectors and other compact systems |
| fungal autonomous bioluminescence |
complete pathway elucidation in N. nambi, enabling autonomous luminescence in plants. |
in nonplant
hosts, caffeic acid availability severely limits
brightness. |
structural determination of Luz to guide
targeted protein engineering. |
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|
| exploitation of the plant shikimate pathway
for
endogenous caffeic acid production. |
lack
of crystal structure for Luz hampers rational
mutagenesis and spectral tuning. |
engineering caffeic
acid biosynthesis pathways into nonplant
hosts. |
| integration of Luz-based reporters
into plant synthetic biology for spatiotemporal monitoring of gene
expression and physiology. |
| color
modulation of autonomous bioluminescence |
Lux emission
tuning through active-site mutations
and BRET fusions with fluorescent proteins. |
fungal multicolor
emission demonstrated only in vitro, with limited in vivo validation. |
use of AI-based structural prediction
and molecular docking to optimize BRET donor–acceptor configurations. |
,,
|
|
in vitro generation of distinct fungal
emission
colors via luciferin analogs. |
RET efficiency
strongly depends on precise spatial
arrangement, complicating design. |
in vivo compatible synthesis
of fungal luciferin analogs for multicolor plant imaging. |
| development of nano-lanternX (NLX) for multicolor autonomous imaging across hosts. |
| autonomous bioluminescence imaging applications |
ilux and ilux2 enable single-cell bacterial imaging with brightness comparable
to conventional luciferases. |
Lux brightness in mammalian
systems remains insufficient for high-speed or deep-tissue imaging. |
engineering Lux for increased photon output and faster emission
kinetics for dynamic process monitoring. |
,,,
|
| co Lux
supports long-term luminescence
in mammalian cells, with multicolor capability via NLX. |
fungal system’s performance is restricted outside plant
hosts due to caffeic acid limitation. |
introducing caffeic
acid biosynthesis pathways into nonplant
hosts to enable robust Luz imaging. |
| fungal
pathway achieves naked-eye–visible, substrate-free imaging in transgenic
plants. |
high-resolution imaging often
requires long exposure times, limiting temporal resolution. |
developing hybrid Lux–Luz systems or chimeric pathways to combine complementary strengths. |
| bioreporter applications |
Lux-based reporters developed
for diverse targets: genotoxicity, oxidative stress, metals, quorum
sensing, circadian rhythms, and signaling pathways. |
autonomous bioluminescent metabolic burden can reduce sensitivity
in long-term assays. |
metabolic streamlining of Lux and Luz for stable, low-burden long-term sensing. |
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|
| ratiometric Lux designs (e.g., NLX-calcium sensors) improve quantitative reliability. |
Luz applications remain plant-centric, with limited cross-host adaptability. |
expanding Luz reporter applications to nonplant systems via
precursor pathway engineering. |
| Luz-based reporters
in plants enable hormone and developmental pathway monitoring without
substrate addition. |
quantitative accuracy
in fluctuating metabolic
states requires normalization strategies. |
developing
multiplexed, autonomous, multiparameter biosensors
for real-time environmental and biomedical
monitoring. |
| developing hybrid Lux–Luz systems or chimeric pathways to combine
complementary strengths. |
