Table 2.

Clinical applications of FWGE across cancer and autoimmune diseases: study designs, outcomes, and key findings.

Type of cancer or treated disease	Population size (n)	Study design	Intervention	Control	Outcomes	Key findings	References
Colorectal cancer	30	RCT	9 g FWGE daily + surgery/chemotherapy	Patients who received anticancer treatments (surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy) alone	Therapeutic benefit, Metastasis	No new metastases reported; Improved therapeutic benefit when combined with standard treatments	(40)
Malignant Skin Melanoma (with lymphatic metastasis)	58	Randomized	8.5 g FWGE daily+ Dacarbazine (DTIC) chemo	Patients receiving standard chemotherapy (DTIC) alone, without FWGE	Pogression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS)	Significant improvement in PFS (55.8 vs. 29.9 months) and OS (66.2 vs. 44.7 months) (p = 0.0184)	(18)
Advanced head and neck cancer	60	Prospective	9 g FWGE daily (single/double dose)	Patients treated with conventional oncological therapy alone	Oxidative stress, Quality of Life	Improved QOL; No adverse effects; Stable oxidative stress markers	(41)
Colorectal cancer	176	Cohort Study	9 g FWGE daily + surgery/chemotherapy	Patients who received anticancer treatments (surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy) alone	Metastasis prevention, Survival Rates	Significantly fewer new recurrences; Lower mortality (p < 0.01); Delayed progression compared to controls	(57)
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC)	36	Pilot	8.5 g FWGE daily + GnRH therapy	Not Available	PSADT, Progression	23.1% showed significant increase in PSADT; Improved PSA levels; Delayed disease progression in one out of four patients	(42)
Rheumatoid arthritis	15	Open-label	8.5 g FWGE daily + DMARD/steroids;	Not Available	Disease Activity, Inflammatory Markers	Significant reduction in sedimentation rate; Improvement in Ritchie Index scores	(56)

chemo., chemotherapy; QOL, quality of life; PSADT, Prostate-specific antigen doubling time.