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. 2025 Oct 31;27(11):1122. doi: 10.3390/e27111122
CNN Convolutional neural network
LSTM Long short-term memory
BiLSTM Bidirectional LSTM
GRU Gated recurrent unit
BiGRU Bidirectional GRU
DFFNN Deep feedforward neural network
BO Bayesian optimization
SLSQP Sequential least squares programming
XGBoost Extreme gradient boosting
RT Random forest
WTI West Texas Intermediate
RMSE Root mean of squared error
MAE Mean absolute error
MAPE Mean absolute percentage error