| CNN | Convolutional neural network |
| LSTM | Long short-term memory |
| BiLSTM | Bidirectional LSTM |
| GRU | Gated recurrent unit |
| BiGRU | Bidirectional GRU |
| DFFNN | Deep feedforward neural network |
| BO | Bayesian optimization |
| SLSQP | Sequential least squares programming |
| XGBoost | Extreme gradient boosting |
| RT | Random forest |
| WTI | West Texas Intermediate |
| RMSE | Root mean of squared error |
| MAE | Mean absolute error |
| MAPE | Mean absolute percentage error |