PDAC	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
MeSH	Medical subject headings
SNP	Single-nucleotide polymorphism
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
TLR4	Toll-like receptor 4
MyD88	Myeloid differentiation primary response 88
PD-L1	Programmed death-ligand 1
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
AKT	Protein kinase B
SCFAs	Short-chain fatty acids
LCA	Lithocholic acid
DCA	Deoxycholic acid
UDCA	Ursodeoxycholic acid
TGR5	Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5
EGFR	Epidermal growth factor receptor
STAT3	Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
TMAO	Trimethylamine N-oxide
IFN	Interferon
mTOR	Mammalian target of rapamycin
ECM	Extracellular matrix
TME	Tumor microenvironment
5-FU	5-Fluorouracil
GnP	Gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel
PFS	Progression-free survival
OS	Overall survival
CDD	Cytidine deaminase
TLR2	Toll-like receptor 2
TLR5	Toll-like receptor 5
MDSCs	Myeloid-derived suppressor cells
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
3-IAA	Indole-3-acetic acid
ICI/ICIs	Immune checkpoint inhibitor(s)
PD-1	Programmed cell death protein 1
CD8+	Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CD8 positive)
CD4+	Helper T lymphocyte (CD4 positive)
Th1	T helper 1 cell
M1	M1 macrophage (pro-inflammatory phenotype)
IL-1β	Interleukin 1 beta
IL-6	Interleukin 6
IL-10	Interleukin 10
IL-17A	Interleukin 17A
FOLFIRINOX	5-FU, leucovorin, irinotecan, oxaliplatin
GUS	β-glucuronidase
SN-38/SN-38G	7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin/SN-38 glucuronide
EMT	Epithelial–mesenchymal transition
NK	Natural killer cell
FMT	Fecal microbiota transplantation
STING	Stimulator of interferon genes
OMV/OMVs	Outer membrane vesicle(s)
OV/OVs	Oncolytic virus(es)
HSV	Herpes simplex virus
ONYX-015	First-generation oncolytic adenovirus vector
LGG	Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG
LGG@Ga-poly	LGG functionalized with gallium–polyphenol network
CGL	Cyst(e)inase enzyme
RAS	Rat sarcoma viral oncogene family
KRAS^G12D	KRAS gene mutation (glycine 12 to aspartate)
PanIN	Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia
KPC	Kras^G12D; Trp53^R172H; Pdx1-Cre mouse model
ATCC	American Type Culture Collection
MCA1	Phage-derived tumor-targeting peptide
irAEs	Immune-related adverse events
GI	Gastrointestinal