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. 2025 Nov 18;11(11):921. doi: 10.3390/gels11110921
Alg Alginate
HNTs Halloysite Nanotubes
K Kaolin
Ca2+ Calcium Ions
HNTs@Alg Halloysite Nanotubes–Alginate Composite Beads
K@Alg Kaolin–Alginate Composite Beads
FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
SEM-EDS Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy
XRD X-ray Diffraction
XPS X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
CTC Chlortetracycline Hydrochloride
DDS Drug Delivery System(s)
TC Tetracycline Hydrochloride
MWCNTs Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes
GO Graphene Oxide
LBL Layer-by-Layer
Si–O–Si Siloxane Group
Al–OH Aluminum Hydroxyl Group
Ca Calcium
O Oxygen
C Carbon
Al Aluminum
Si Silicon
CaCl2 Calcium Chloride
NaOH Sodium Hydroxide
HCl Hydrochloric Acid
SA Sodium Alginate
DD Double-Distilled (Water)
UV–Vis Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy
PBS Phosphate-Buffered Saline
FIB-SEM Focused Ion Beam–Scanning Electron Microscope
MIL-100(Fe) Metal–Organic Framework MIL-100 Containing Iron
°C Degrees Celsius
rpm Revolutions Per Minute
K (in temperature) Kelvin
eV Electron Volt
R2 Coefficient of Determination
n Diffusion Exponent (in Korsmeyer–Peppas Model)
KBr Potassium Bromide
N Nitrogen
Cu Copper
NaCl Sodium Chloride
pHPZC Point of zero charge
m Mass
Q Capacity
C0 Initial concentration
Cₑ Equilibrium concentration
V Volume
PFO Pseudo-First-Order Model
PSO Pseudo-Second-Order Model
E. coli Escherichia coli
S. aureus Staphylococcus aureus
ATCC American Type Culture Collection