View full-text article in PMC J Imaging. 2025 Nov 6;11(11):393. doi: 10.3390/jimaging11110393 Search in PMC Search in PubMed View in NLM Catalog Add to search Copyright and License information © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). PMC Copyright notice Algorithm 1 Training 1: Input: target image X1; velocity model vθ: Rd→Rd withparameterθ; Physics-Based Noise Model C(X) 2: Sample: X0∼N0,1 3: Sample: T=CX1 4: Sample: t∼Uniform(0,1) 5: Xt=tX1+1−tX0 6: θ∧=minX1−X0−vθXt,Τ,t1 7: dZt=vθ∧Zt,T,t dt 8: Return: Z=Zt:t∈0, 1