View full-text article in PMC J Imaging. 2025 Nov 6;11(11):393. doi: 10.3390/jimaging11110393 Search in PMC Search in PubMed View in NLM Catalog Add to search Copyright and License information © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). PMC Copyright notice Algorithm 2 Sampling 1: Input: target image X1; velocity model vθ: Rd→Rd with parameter θ; Physics-Based Noise Model C(X); tbest=0; Mbest=0. 2: Repeat 3: Sample: X0∼N0,1 4 Sample: T=CX1 5: X2=vθX0,Τ,0+X0 6: for t=s,2s,3s…,ns do; 0<s<1, 0<ns<1 7: Xt=tX2+1−tX0 8: XM=vθXt,Τ,t+X0 9: M=PXM,X1PXM,X1 means computing the PSNR between XM and X1 10: If M > Mbest; 11: Mbest = M 12: tbest = t 13: Return tbest