AD	Alzheimer’s disease
AIF	Apoptosis-inducing factor
AMPA	α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
AMPARs	AMPA receptors
BBB	Blood–brain barrier
CBF	Cerebral blood flow
CBP	CREB-binding protein
CNS	Central nervous system
DOX	Doxorubicin
EAAT/EAATs	Excitatory amino acid transporter(s)
EAE	Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
GAPDH	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
GBMs	Graphene-based materials
GO	Graphene oxide
GQDs	Graphene quantum dots
HCs	Hemichannels
HD	Huntington’s disease
IP3	Inositol triphosphate
KA	Kainic acid
KARs	Kainate receptors
MEAs	Microelectrode arrays
mHTT	Mutant huntingtin
NCE	Na+/Ca2+ exchanger
NMDA	N-methyl-d-aspartate
NMDAR/NMDARs	NMDA receptor(s)
NO	Nitric oxide
NOS	Nitric oxide synthase
OGD	Oxygen–glucose deprivation
ONOO−	Peroxynitrite
PAR	Poly(ADP-ribose)
PARP	Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase
PD	Parkinson’s disease
PID	Peri-infarct depolarization
PLC	Phospholipase C
PSD/PSD95	Postsynaptic density/Postsynaptic density protein 95
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
SNpc	Substantia nigra pars compacta
VGCCs	Voltage-gated calcium channels
VGSCs	Voltage-gated sodium channels