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. 2025 Nov 17;15(11):745. doi: 10.3390/metabo15110745
GC-MS Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
LC-MS/MS Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry
HRMS High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry
EMA European Medicines Agency
EUDA European Union Drugs Agency
OUD Opioid Use Disorder
WHO World Health Organization
TOSU Targeted Opioid Screen, Random, Urine
UHPLC Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography
MS/MS Tandem Mass Spectrometry
6-MAM 6-Monoacetylmorphine
EDDP 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine
CYP Cytochrome P450
M/C Morphine/Codeine
6-AC 6-acetylcodeine
FDA Food and Drug Administration
NSOs Novel Synthetic Opioids
HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Tmax Time to Maximum Plasma Concentration
t½ (T1/2) Elimination Half-Life
4-MMC 4-Methylmethcathinone (Mephedrone)
AM Amphetamine
ATS Amphetamine-Type Stimulants
bk-MDMA β-Keto-3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Methylone)
bk-MDEA β-Keto-3,4-Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (Ethylone)
DAT Dopamine Transporter
DHEA 3,4-Dihydroxyethylamphetamine—metabolite of MDEA
DFSA Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault
HMA 4-Hydroxyamphetamine
HMMA 4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxymethamphetamine—major metabolite of MDMA
HMEA 4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxyethylamphetamine—metabolite of MDEA
HMMC 4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxymethcathinone—metabolite related to methylone (bk-MDMA)
MA Methamphetamine
MDA 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine
MDEA 3,4-Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (“Eve”)
MDMA 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“Ecstasy”)
NET Norepinephrine Transporter
PMA Para-Methoxyamphetamine
PMMA Para-Methoxymethamphetamine
SERT Serotonin Transporter
VMAT2 Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 2
GABA γ-aminobutyric acid
CNS Central Nervous System
DBS Dried Blood Spot
LOQ Limit of Quantification
THC Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol
CBD Cannabidiol
CUD Cannabis Use Disorder
DALYs Disability-Adjusted Life Years
CBN Cannabinol
BE Benzoylecgonine
EME Ecgonine Methyl Ester
AEME Anhydroecgonine Methyl Ester
NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate