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. 2025 Oct 22;18(11):1597. doi: 10.3390/ph18111597
IONPs Iron oxide nanoparticles
CS Chitosan
CHX Chlorhexidine
NC Negative control
ROS Reactive oxygen species
ATCC American Type Culture Collection
AAA Amsterdam Active Attachment
CV Crystal violet
CFU Colony-forming unit
PBS Phosphate-buffered saline
XTT (2,3-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulphophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2H-tetrazlium hydroxide)
TSA Trypticase soy agar
BPW Buffered peptone water