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. 2025 Oct 31;17(11):1413. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics17111413
PBPK Physiologically based pharmacokinetic
PK pharmacokinetics
PD pharmacodynamic
FDA the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
DDI drug–drug interaction
EMA European Medicines Agency
NMEs New Molecular Entities
NDA New Drug Application
BLA Biologics License Application
DGI drug–gene interaction
OI organ impairment
P-gp P-glycoprotein
IVIVE in vitro-in vivo extrapolation
AUCinf area under the plasma concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity
AUC area under the curve
fm fraction metabolized
UGT UDP-glucuronosyltransferases
AI artificial intelligence
ML machine learning
RL Reinforcement Learning
GANs Generative adversarial networks