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. 2025 Nov 20;25(22):7096. doi: 10.3390/s25227096
HV High Voltage
XLPE Cross-Linked Polyethylene
CM Condition Monitoring
ML Machine Learning
FEM Finite Element Method
HVDC High Voltage Direct Current
SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio
TDR Time-Domain Reflectometry
ANN Artificial Neural Network
RNN Recurrent Neural Network
AE Acoustic Emission
PRPD Phase-Resolved PD
DFT Discrete Fourier Transform
PCA Principal Component Analysis
SVM Support Vector Machine
PSO Particle Swarm Optimization
AI Artificial Intelligence
PdM Predictive Maintenance
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
PRTA Pulse Repetition Time Averaging
DWT Discrete Wavelet Transform
CNN-LSTM Convolutional Neural Network-LSTM
VLF Very Low Frequency
FD Frequency-Domain
MV Medium Voltage
PD Partial Discharge
CBM Condition-Based Maintenance
DL Deep Learning
HVAC High Voltage Alternating Current
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
DGA Dissolved Gas Analysis
FDR Frequency-Domain Reflectometry
CNN Convolutional Neural Network
LSTM Long Short-Term Memory
RF Radio Frequency
GIS Gas-Insulated Switchgear
FFT Fast Fourier Transform
DT Decision Tree
GA Genetic Algorithm
IoT Internet of Things
RUL Remaining Useful Life
RCM Reliability-Centered Maintenance
PRPS Pulse Repetition Phase Synchronization
EMI Electromagnetic Interference
STFT Short-Time Fourier Transform
2D-CNN Two-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network
TD Time-Domain
ROI Region of Interest