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. 2025 Nov 14;25(22):6977. doi: 10.3390/s25226977
Numerical Values and List of Symbols
axmax = aymax = 9.81 m/s2 longitudinal and lateral maximal accelerations
g = 9.81 m/s2 constant of gravity
h = 1 m height of the centre of mass from the road surface
kv = ½ Af CD ρ = 0.15 kg/m air drag force coefficient
m = 85 kg cyclist’s body mass + bicycle mass
n0 = 0 m initial lateral displacement
s0 = L0 = 0 m initial longitudinal position
W˙max= 50 W/s maximal rate of power output
wD = π rad wind direction
Af = 0.35 m2 frontal area
CD = 0.7 drag coefficient
Crr = 0.004 rolling friction coefficient
IX = 77 kgm2 inertia of the system along the longitudinal direction
L = 1.4 m wheelbase
Lf = XX m course length (depending on the course)
Vw = 0 m/s wind speed
Wn0 = 0 initial normalised power output
Wmax = 1200 W maximal power output
a0 = 0 rad initial heading
Δwn = 1 weight of the lateral displacement in the objective function
Δwv = 1 weight of the error with the reference velocity in the objective function
Δww = 10 weight of the rate of change in the power output in the objective function
Δwδ = 10 weight of the rate of change in the steering angle in the objective function
δmax = 0.52 rad maximal steering angle
δ˙max= 0.52 rad/s maximal steering velocity
δn0 = 0 initial normalised steering angle
φ0 = 0 rad initial rolling angle
φ˙0= 0 rad/s initial roll rotational velocity
ρ = 1.23 kg/m3 air density