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. 2025 Nov 26;16:2173. doi: 10.1007/s12672-025-03989-9

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 8 — Expression and characteristics of FSTL1-positive and negative cells in different types of stromal cells. A UMAP clustering analysis is presented, dividing stromal cells into 16 clusters. B The expression of specific marker genes in four stromal cell subtypes is illustrated through a bubble plot. C UMAP clustering analysis is demonstrated, annotating the secondary clustering of stromal cells as endothelial cells (VWF, CD34, CLDN5), pericytes (RGS5, HIGD1B, MCAM), fibroblasts (COL1A1, DCN, LUM), and smooth muscle cells. D The expression levels ofFSTL1 in different cell types are further illustrated through a scatter plot. E, F The proportions ofFSTL1-positive and negative cells in different types of stromal cells are displayed through a scatter plot and line chart. G A heatmap illustrates the aggregation of FSTL1-positive and negative cells in different types of stromal cells. H A heatmap displays the expression of marker genes in FSTL1-positive and negative cells across different types of stromal cells