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. 2025 Nov 26;15:42220. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-26368-4

Table 3.

Annual built-up area growth rate between 1990 and 2020.

Areas in km2 Annual expansion of built-up areas
years 1990 2000 2010 2020 1990–2000 2000–2010 2010–2020 1990–2020
Built-up areas km2 Km2 km2 km2 km2/yr % km2/yr %/yr km2/yr %/yr km2/yr %
Townland 4699 6084 8989 13,783 138.5 2.95 290.5 4.77 479.4 5.33 302.80 6.44
Rural settlements 15,225 16,033 17,488 18,452 80.8 0.53 145.5 0.91 96.4 0.55 107.57 0.71
Construction land 834 1231 3491 10,704 39.7 4.76 226 18.36 721.3 20.66 329.00 39.45