Table 2.
The quality assessment of cohort studies.
| Study | Year | Selection | Comparability | Outcome | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chen et al. (10) | 2025 | ★★★ | ★ | ★★★ | 7 |
| Liu et al. (20) | 2025 | ★★★ | ★ | ★★★ | 7 |
| Zhao and Wang (33) | 2023 | ★★ | / | ★★★ | 5 |
| Gao et al. (22) | 2024 | ★★ | / | ★★ | 4 |
| Court et al. (23) | 2024 | ★★★ | / | ★★ | 5 |
| Tian et al. (30) | 2024 | ★★★ | ★ | ★ | 5 |
| Xiong et al. (21) | 2025 | ★★★★ | / | ★★ | 6 |
| Hamada et al. (28) | 2024 | ★★★ | ★ | ★★★ | 7 |
| Ohashi et al. (29) | 2024 | ★★★ | / | ★★ | 5 |
| Dent et al. (26) | 2024 | ★★★★ | ★ | ★★★ | 8 |
| Wang et al. (27) | 2024 | ★★★ | ★ | ★★ | 6 |
| Zhang et al. (34) | 2023 | ★★★ | ★ | ★★★ | 7 |
| Qin and Zheng (35) | 2023 | ★★★ | / | ★★ | 5 |
| Hannan et al. (31) | 2024 | ★★★ | ★ | ★★ | 6 |
| Wilkinson et al. (37) | 2022 | ★★★ | / | ★★ | 5 |
| Akishita et al. (36) | 2022 | ★★★ | ★ | / | 4 |
| Shrauner et al. (38) | 2022 | ★★★ | / | ★★ | 5 |
| Nguyen et al. (39) | 2021 | ★★★★ | / | ★★ | 6 |
| Liu et al. (40) | 2019 | ★★★ | ★ | ★★★ | 7 |
| Crow et al. (42) | 2018 | ★★★ | ★ | ★★ | 6 |
| Kim et al. (43) | 2017 | ★★★ | ★ | ★★★ | 7 |
| White et al. (44) | 2016 | ★★ | / | ★★★ | 5 |
| Park et al. (25) | 2024 | ★★★ | ★ | ★★★ | 7 |
| Fawzy et al. (24) | 2025 | ★★★ | / | ★★ | 5 |
| Yu A O | 2023 | ★★★ | / | ★ | 4 |
| Adabag et al. (41) | 2018 | ★★★ | ★ | ★★★ | 7 |
Quality of included studies was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS), with scores provided for selection, comparability, and outcome domains.