. 2025 Nov 26;25:1848. doi: 10.1186/s12903-025-07150-4

Table 1.

Percent weight loss (%) of tissue situated at different positions in root Canal (mean ± SD)

Irrigant	Position	CNI groups	PIPS groups
Saline	coronal 1/3	0.56 ± 1.76^a	0.56 ± 1.76^a
	middle 1/3	0.00 ± 0.00^a	0.67 ± 2.11^a
	apical 1/3	2.50 ± 5.63^a	0.00 ± 0.00^a
1%NaOCl	coronal 1/3	10.40 ± 4.17^a	51.06 ± 7.53^a
	middle 1/3	10.63 ± 3.91^a	58.80 ± 8.67^a
	apical 1/3	19.14 ± 12.95^a	98.18 ± 5.75^b
2.5%NaOCl	coronal 1/3	31.06 ± 6.25^a	59.97 ± 8.67^a
	middle 1/3	39.12 ± 6.91^b	71.95 ± 8.35^b
	apical 1/3	56.93 ± 7.94^c	100.00 ± 0.00^c
5.25%NaOCl	coronal 1/3	82.19 ± 6.81^a	98.97 ± 2.16^a
	middle 1/3	87.04 ± 8.25^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a
	apical 1/3	96.59 ± 5.90^b	100.00 ± 0.00^a

Lower-case letters in a columns are for the comparison of percent weight loss between different positions using the same irrigation protocol. Same lower-case letters follow means that do not differ statistically (p >.05)

Abbreviations: CNI conventional needle irrigation, PIPS photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming, NaOCl sodium hypochlorite