. 2025 Nov 26;25:1848. doi: 10.1186/s12903-025-07150-4

Table 3.

pH and temperature (℃) of irrigant(mean ± SD) in all groups

Groups	pH		Temperature(℃)
Groups	Initial	Final(mean ± SD)	Initial	Final(mean ± SD)
Saline + CNI	6.98	7.02 ± 0.03^a	24.00	23.97 ± 0.20^a
Saline + PIPS	6.98	6.99 ± 0.04^a	24.00	24.72 ± 0.29^b
1%NaOCl + CNI	12.51	12.27 ± 0.07^a	24.00	24.17 ± 0.27^a
1%NaOCl + PIPS	12.51	12.56 ± 0.12^b	24.00	25.46 ± 0.90^b
2.5%NaOCl + CNI	12.72	12.51 ± 0.10^a	24.00	24.19 ± 0.19^a
2.5%NaOCl + PIPS	12.72	12.65 ± 0.03^b	24.00	27.12 ± 0.23^b
5.25%NaOCl + CNI	12.86	12.75 ± 0.05^a	24.00	25.18 ± 0.42^a
5.25%NaOCl + PIPS	12.86	12.76 ± 0.05^a	24.00	25.19 ± 0.32^a

Lower-case letters in a column are for the comparison of percent weight loss between different positions using the same irrigation protocol. Same lower-case letters follow means that do not differ statistically (p >.05)

Abbreviations: CNI conventional needle irrigation, PIPS photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming, NaOCl sodium hypochlorite