Optimization of thermal treatment: effects of various incubation times at 45°C in pH 6.0 (black bars), pH 6.5 (grey bars), and pH 7.0 (white bars) EB on the transformation efficiency of VI104. The results are representative of the results obtained in five independent experiments. Cells were prepared by the modified procedure (Table 2). Electroporation was performed with pLEM415 DNA at 1.5 kV, 25μF, and 200 Ω. T, transformants.