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. 2025 Apr 24;90(4):1284–1318. doi: 10.1017/psy.2025.14

Table 2.

Comparison of the bifactor models of interest for the second research question of the simulation study

Statistics Number of specific factors Model
RTM ETM GSM CORB
0.695 0.688 0.710 0.750
3 (0.194) (0.180) (0.186) (0.147)
0.767 0.768 0.771 0.795
4 (0.135) (0.143) (0.130) (0.115)
0.790 0.779 0.796 0.814
Average correlation of the general factor EAP point estimates with their true values (SD) 5 (0.131) (0.148) (0.130) (0.110)
0.524 0.532 0.504 0.643
3 (0.164) (0.200) (0.188) (0.144)
0.383 0.385 0.527 0.472
4 (0.328) (0.348) (0.172) (0.384)
0.304 0.324 0.558 0.375
Average correlation of specific factors EAP point-estimates with their true values (SD) 5 (0.350) (0.349) (0.168) (0.425)
0.517 0.601 0.673 0.601
3 (0.239) (0.180) (0.157) (0.171)
0.626 0.694 0.747 0.690
4 (0.186) (0.122) (0.114) (0.131)
0.650 0.685 0.767 0.713
Average EAP reliability of the general factor (SD) 5 (0.193) (0.162) (0.125) (0.147)
0.320 0.378 0.395 0.466
3 (0.151) (0.142) (0.132) (0.130)
0.321 0.377 0.412 0.461
4 (0.144) (0.138) (0.120) (0.123)
0.338 0.379 0.439 0.482
Average EAP reliability of the specific factors (SD) 5 (0.146) (0.121) (0.119) (0.113)
20256.51 20150.09 20095.42 20059.69
3 (691.54) (671.80) (668.94) (670.87)
26347.71 26166.26 26028.61 25997.71
4 (689.87) (654.67) (653.10) (651.39)
32190.70 32043.03 31744.09 31726.26
Average AIC (SD) 5 (1042.07) (1068.81) (986.44) (992.03)
20334.93 20245.30 20185.03 20171.71
3 (691.54) (671.80) (668.94) (670.87)
26448.52 26289.48 26157.44 26154.53
4 (689.87) (654.67) (653.10) (651.39)
32313.92 32194.26 31917.72 31933.49
Average BIC (SD) 5 (1042.07) (1068.81) (986.44) (992.03)
0.392 0.343 0.423 0.170
3 (0.075) (0.097) (0.134) (0.093)
0.364 0.315 0.380 0.169
4 (0.071) (0.072) (0.134) (0.077)
0.339 0.295 0.322 0.158
Average RMSE of correlation matrix (SD) 5 (0.051) (0.052) (0.087) (0.055)
−0.073 0.082 0.503 −0.191
3 (1.046) (0.787) (1.055) (0.541)
0.037 0.074 0.574 −0.078
4 (0.843) (0.623) (0.837) (0.450)
0.056 0.053 0.548 −0.130
Average bias of the general factor variance (SD) 5 (0.685) (0.452) (0.679) (0.400)
−0.203 −0.253 −0.662 −0.186
3 (1.224) (1.245) (1.341) (0.548)
−0.192 −0.374 −0.316 −0.151
4 (1.081) (1.023) (1.554) (0.529)
−0.102 −0.285 −0.085 −0.071
Average bias of the specific factor variances (SD) 5 (1.064) (0.945) (1.705) (0.524)