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. 2025 Apr 24;90(4):1284–1318. doi: 10.1017/psy.2025.14

Table 3.

Comparison of the bifactor models of interest for the third research question of the simulation study

Statistics Length of specific factors Model
RTM ETM GSM CORB
0.850 0.846 0.850 0.868
3 items (0.083) (0.084) (0.084) (0.071)
0.865 0.866 0.862 0.893
5 items (0.098) (0.126) (0.101) (0.064)
0.849 0.862 0.849 0.894
Average correlation of the general factor EAP point estimates with their true values (SD) 7 items (0.133) (0.153) (0.132) (0.072)
0.307 0.332 0.546 0.384
3 items (0.361) (0.371) (0.179) (0.438)
0.349 0.360 0.624 0.421
5 items (0.411) (0.405) (0.159) (0.462)
0.383 0.401 0.673 0.454
Average correlation of specific factors EAP point-estimates with their true values (SD) 7 items (0.430) (0.417) (0.148) (0.479)
0.740 0.769 0.813 0.768
3 items (0.128) (0.090) (0.090) (0.095)
0.774 0.804 0.863 0.803
5 items (0.118) (0.078) (0.066) (0.102)
0.771 0.820 0.879 0.815
Average EAP reliability of the general factor (SD) 7 items (0.152) (0.096) (0.089) (0.106)
0.339 0.392 0.430 0.493
3 items (0.138) (0.118) (0.113) (0.109)
0.432 0.471 0.547 0.569
5 items (0.154) (0.133) (0.119) (0.114)
0.508 0.531 0.633 0.642
Average EAP reliability of the specific factors (SD) 7 items (0.163) (0.148) (0.116) (0.113)
36133.58 35988.58 35664.30 35568.71
3 items (1398.77) (1337.36) (1315.10) (1323.55)
55848.24 55656.65 55099.90 54986.73
5 items (2064.83) (2088.40) (2016.15) (1994.92)
74980.44 74311.80 73853.91 73716.20
Average AIC (SD) 7 items (3645.04) (3527.21) (3575.12) (3570.18)
36268.00 36151.01 35849.13 35787.14
3 items (1398.77) (1337.36) (1315.10) (1323.55)
56038.68 55875.08 55340.73 55261.18
5 items (2064.83) (2088.40) (2016.15) (1994.92)
75226.88 74586.25 74150.75 74046.65
Average BIC (SD) 7 items (3645.04) (3527.21) (3575.12) (3570.18)
0.343 0.295 0.347 0.101
3 items (0.054) (0.055) (0.149) (0.040)
0.339 0.277 0.311 0.093
5 items (0.051) (0.051) (0.084) (0.033)
0.344 0.281 0.319 0.089
Average RMSE of correlation matrix (SD) 7 items (0.051) (0.053) (0.094) (0.042)
0.073 0.011 0.408 −0.077
3 items (0.649) (0.429) (0.661) (0.260)
0 −0.052 0.387 −0.093
5 items (0.541) (0.332) (0.541) (0.254)
0.009 −0.079 0.457 −0.126
Average bias of the general factor variance (SD) 7 items (0.672) (0.290) (0.735) (0.280)
−0.204 −0.455 −0.276 0.025
3 items (1.002) (0.867) (1.780) (0.411)
−0.155 −0.143 −0.153 −0.014
5 items (0.723) (0.652) (1.618) (0.280)
−0.189 −0.094 −0.094 −0.060
Average bias of the specific factor variances (SD) 7 items (0.787) (0.654) (2.431) (0.284)