FIG. 3.

Systemic induction of pal1 and hpl by T. asperellum (T-203), T. virens (T.v) wild type, and a T. virens tmkA mutant (ΔM). (A) Expression of hpl and pal1 genes in cucumber leaves was assessed 48 h after Trichoderma inoculation of roots by RT-PCR with specific primers (24). Actin of C. sativus was used as a reference for RNA equal loading. (B) Quantification of mRNA fold induction. The values obtained for each band were normalized to actin. A value of 1 indicates no induction relative to basal expression in noninoculated plants. The results are averages of three independent experiments, and the error bars indicate standard deviations. Similar results were obtained with mutants ΔMAPK-72 and ΔMAPK-95.