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. 2025 Nov 27;15:42523. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-26537-5

Table 3.

The thermal parameters of pavement structures33.

Number Structure Material Thickness/m Density/(kg/m3) Thermal conductivity/(J/(m·h·℃)) Heat capacity/(J/(kg·℃))
The upper surface layer of asphalt concrete AC-13 C 0.15 2300 4140 1670
The under surface layer of asphalt concrete AC-20 C 0.15 2320 4320 1670
Base layer Cement stabilized crushed rock 0.4 2200 3960 960
Subbase layer Graded sand and stone 0.5 2100 3240 2000
Insulation layer Expanded polystyrene board (EPS) 0.1 40 108 1400
Crushed rock layer Particle size of 6–8 cm 1.5 1490 1426 839