Table 1.

Chemicals in Cigarette Smoke that Impair Oviductal Functioning ¹

LOAELs (M)2
CHEMICALS	Oocyte	Ciliary Beat	Contraction	FEMA	FDA	ADDED5
	Pick-up Rate	Frequency	Rate	GRAS3	EAFUS4
PYRIDINES
2-ethylpyridine	9.35 × 10-12	9.35 × 10-12	9.35 × 10-12
4-methylpyridine	9.50 × 10-11	9.50 × 10-11	9.50 × 10-11
2-methylpyridine	9.35 × 10-11	9.35 × 10-11	9.35 × 10-10
4-ethenylpyridine	9.30 × 10-11	9.30 × 10-9	9.30 × 10-11
3-ethylpyridine	9.33 × 10-10	9.33 × 10-11	9.33 × 10-10	√	√	√
Nornicotine	6.85 × 10-9	6.85 × 10-8	6.85 × 10-8
beta-nicotyrine	6.33 × 10-9	6.30 × 10-8	X6
2,4,6-trimethylpyridine	8.25 × 10-8	8.25 × 10-6	8.25 × 10-8
2,4-dimethylpyridine	9.34 × 10-7	X6	9.34 × 10-9
2,3-dimethylpyridine	9.34 × 10-7	9.34 × 10-7	X6
4,4-bipyridine	8.78 × 10-6	8.78 × 10-7	8.78 × 10-4
2,5-dimethylpyridine	9.34 × 10-5	X6	9.34 × 10-5
3,4-dimethylpyridine	1.76 × 10-5	X6	1.76 × 10-4
pyridine	1.27 × 10-5	1.27 × 10-3	1.27 × 10-3	√	√	√
3-methylpyridine	1.23 × 10-5	Xd	1.23 × 10-2
2,2-bipyridine	8.74 × 10-4	8.74 × 10-2	8.74 × 10-2
cotinine	2.84 × 10-2	2.84 × 10-5	X6
nicotine	9.01 × 10-2	X6	6.70 × 10-2
PYRAZINES
2-methoxy-3-methylpyrazine	10-12	10-9	10-12
pyrazine	10-11	10-12	10-9	√	√
2-methylpyrazine	10-11	10-12	10-11	√	√	√
2-ethylpyrazine	10-11	10-12	10-12		√
2,5-dimethylpyrazine	10-11	10-8	10-9	√	√	√
2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine	10-10	10-9	10-9	√	√	√
2,6-dimethylpyrazine	10-9	10-6	10-7	√	√	√
PHENOLS, INDOLES, OTHERS
Indole	10-14	10-13	10-15		√
Isoquinoline	10-13	10-12	10-13		√
4-Ethylphenol	10-12	10-11	10-12	√	√
Quinoline	10-11	10-13	10-11		√
4-Methylphenol	10-11	10-12	10-11	√	√
2-Methylphenol	10-11	10-9	10-11	√	√
5-Methylindole	10-11	10-10	10-10
2,6-Dimethoxyphenol	10-11	10-10	10-9		√
Hydroquinone	10-10	10-10	10-10
3-Methyl-2-cylcopenten-1-one	10-10	10-7	10-10
2,4-Dimethylphenol	10-10	10-9	10-9
2-Methoxyphenol	10-10	10-8	10-8
2-Cyclopenten-1-one	10-9	10-7	10-9
4-Methoxyphenol	10-8	10-7	10-7
2-Ethylphenol	10-8	10-5	10-7
2,5-Dimethylphenol	10-7	10-8	10-6
Benzene	10-7	10-8	10-6
Phenol	10-2	10-1	10-2		√

¹Compiled from References 131, 132, and 135.

²LOAEL = Lowest observed adverse effect level in the oocyte pick-up rate, ciliary beat frequency, and muscle contractions assays.

³Chemicals known to be on the FEMA GRAS list. Others may also be on this list.

⁴Chemicals on the FDA EAFUS list (Everything Added to Food in the United States).

⁵Chemicals that are added to cigarettes by American tobacco companies.

⁶No effect at the highest dose tested.