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. 2025 Nov 28;22:145. doi: 10.1186/s12986-025-01041-9

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Decreased circulating PDI levels are associated with an increased risk of T2DM in MASLD patients. (A) Spearman correlation analysis between the plasma levels of PDI with the hepatic mRNA expression of PDI. (B) Plasma PDI levels in diabetic (n = 28) and nondiabetic (n = 35) subjects. Spearman correlation analysis between the plasma levels of PDI with (C) FBG and (D) HbA1c. (E) Adjusted ORs of diabetes according to tertiles of plasma PDI levels in patients. The ORs with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were adjusted for age, sex and BMI. The tertile ranges of T1, T2 and T3 of the plasma PDI level were < 7.35, 7.35–9.86, and > 9.86 ng/ml, respectively. T1 is the reference group. A binary logistic regression study was applied. (F) ROC curves of classification of participants with and without T2D