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. 2025 Nov 17;16:1640980. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1640980

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Copyright © 2025 Liu, Li, Feng, Liu, Zhu, Zhang, Zhang and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bar graphs compare soil properties across six treatments: SSa, SZa, SLa, SSAFa, SZAFa, SLAFa. Properties assessed are pH, EC (µS/cm), OM (g/kg), OC (g/kg), TN (g/kg), NH4+-N (mg/kg), TP (g/kg), AP (mg/kg), TK (g/kg), and AK (mg/kg). Each graph shows variation and significance levels marked by letters above the bars, with color codes representing treatments. — Soil phosphatase activity (A), urease activity (B), dehydrogenase activity (C), and invertase activity (D) under different crop rotation patterns.